scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among adolescents in rural South Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Themba Mzembe ◽  
Richard Lessells ◽  
Aaron S Karat ◽  
Safiyya Randera-Rees ◽  
Anita Edwards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background We aimed to estimate the prevalence of and explore risk factors for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection among adolescents in a high tuberculosis (TB) and HIV prevalence setting. Methods A cross-sectional study of adolescents (10–19 years) randomly selected from a demographic surveillance area (DSA) in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. We determined M. tuberculosis infection status using the QuantiFERON-TB Gold-plus assay. We used HIV data from the DSA to estimate community-level adult HIV prevalence and random effects logistic regression to identify risk factors for TB infection. Results We enrolled 1,094 adolescents (548 [50.1%] female); M. tuberculosis infection prevalence (weighted for non-response by age, sex, and urban/rural residence) was 23.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 20.6–25.6%). M. tuberculosis infection was associated with older age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.10–1.71, for increasing age-group [12–14, 15–17, 18–19 vs. 10–11 years]), ever (vs. never) having a household TB contact (aOR: 2.13, 95% CI: 1.25–3.64) and increasing community-level HIV prevalence (aOR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.07–1.92, for increasing HIV prevalence category [25–34.9%, 35–44.9%, ≥45% vs. <25%]). Conclusion Our data support prioritising TB prevention and care activities in TB-affected households and high HIV prevalence communities.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Suspected Patients in a Teaching Hospital in Northeastern Iran: A Cross-Sectional Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Jamal Falahi ◽  
Kiarash Gazvini ◽  
Marzieh Mirzaei ◽  
Araz Majnoni ◽  
Hadi Lotfi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Bronchial Tube ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lowenstein Jensen

Background: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an infectious agent responsible for major health problems and a large number of mortalities. The prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection varies across countries. Knowing the infection prevalence can aid in improving public health and reduce the associated costs. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) infection in suspected cases in Mashhad, Iran.Methods: All the clinical specimens suspected of TB infection were sent to a laboratory for diagnosis during -March 2017 to March 2018. The samples were analyzed microscopically using Ziehl–Neelsen staining, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify the Mycobacterium tuberculosis species using IS6110 primers, and the samples were also grown on Lowenstein–Jensen medium.Results: Of 2,755 clinical samples analyzed, 153 (5.55%) were identified as Mycobacterium tuberculosis-positive, of which 54.9% originated from females and 45.1% from males. The highest rate of infection was observed in spring, especially in May (15%). Most TB cases were found in patients in VIP (43.1%), thorax (17%), and internal (15%) wards. TB infection was mostly detected in bronchial tube (70%) and sputum (23.5%) samples. The most common positive smear was 1+ (36%). Of the 153 cases, (147) 96.1% were culture –positive and 2% were PCR-negative also 84.3% were smear –positive.Conclusion: The highest rate of infection occurred in spring, when the number of religious tourists entering the city was at its peak. Considering the sensitive location of this city, awareness regarding TB status can lead to improved health in the community and development of basic strategies to control and eliminate the transmission of this infection from Mashhad to other areas.

scholarly journals Association between passive smoking and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children with household TB contact

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Novaily Zuliartha ◽  
Ridwan M. Daulay ◽  
Melda Deliana ◽  
Wisman Dalimunthe ◽  
Rini Savitri Daulay
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Passive Smoking ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Household Contact ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Passive Smoke ◽  
Smoking Group

Background Tuberculosis (TB) and cigarette consumption are relatively high in Indonesia. Passive smoking may increase the risk of infection and disease in adults and children exposed to TB. An association between passive smoking and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in children has not been well documented. Objective To assess for an association between passive smoking and M. tuberculosis infection in children who had household contact with a TB patient. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in February and March 2011. Children aged 5 to 18 years who had household contact with a TB patient underwent tuberculin testing for M. tuberculosis infection. Subjects were divided into two groups: those exposed to passive smoke and those not exposed to passive smoke. Chi-square test was used to assess for an association between passive smoking and M. tuberculosis infection. Results There were 140 children enrolled in this study, with 70 exposed to passive smoke and 70 not exposed to passive smoke. Prevalence of M. tuberculosis infection was significantly higher in the passive smoking group than in those not exposed to passive smoke [81.4% and 52.9%, respectively, (P= 0.0001)]. In the passive smoking group there were significant associations between nutritional state, paternal and maternal education, and M. tuberculosis infection. But no associations were found between M. tuberculosis infection and familial income or BCG vaccination. Conclusion Among children who had household contact with a TB patient, they who exposed to passive smoke are more likely to have M. tuberculosis infection compared to they who not exposed to passive smoke.

scholarly journals Clinical and Obstetric Risk Factors for Postnatal Depression in HIV Positive Women: A Cross Sectional Study in Health Facilities in Rural KwaZulu-Natal

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8425
Author(s):  
Nontokozo Lilian Mbatha ◽  
Kebogile Elizabeth Mokwena ◽  
Sphiwe Madiba
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Postnatal Depression ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hiv Positive Women

Postnatal depression (PND) remains underdiagnosed and undertreated in different socio-economic backgrounds in South Africa. This study determined the prevalence of and clinical and obstetric risk factors for PND symptoms among HIV positive women in health facilities in a rural health district in South Africa. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to measure PND from 386 women who had delivered a live infant. More than half (58.5%) tested HIV positive during the current pregnancy. The prevalence of PND symptoms was 42.5%. Logistic regression analysis yielded significant associations between clinical and obstetric variables of pre-term baby (p-value < 0.01), baby health status p-value < 0.01), baby hospitalization, (p-value < 0.01), and knowing the baby’s HIV status (p-value = 0.047). Maternal variables associated with PND were level of education (p-value < 0.01), monthly income (p-value < 0.01), and source of income (p-value = 0.05). At multivariate analysis, none of the clinical and obstetrical risk factors were independently associated with the PND. The high prevalence of PND symptoms underscore the need to integrate routine screening for PND in prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV programmes to enable early diagnosing and treatment of PND.

scholarly journals Risk factoRs of mycobacteRium tubeRculosis infection in childRen living in RuRal aReas

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-34
Author(s):  
TaTiana G. PodkoPaeva ◽  
◽  
Anna A. TuriTsa ◽  
EvGeniya S. LeonTieva ◽  
GuLmira Zh. SaGaLbaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection

Prevalence and risk factors for Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnant women in South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nonkululeko Mabaso ◽  
Camille Naicker ◽  
Makandwe Nyirenda ◽  
Nathlee Abbai
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Antenatal Clinic ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vaginal Swab ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Cross Sectional

There are insufficient data on the prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in pregnant women in South Africa. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of T. vaginalis (TV) in pregnant women and identify the risk factors associated with this infection in pregnancy. This was a cross-sectional study which included 362 pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic at the King Edward VIII Hospital in Durban, South Africa. A self-collected vaginal swab was provided by the enrolled women for laboratory diagnosis by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The protozoan load was determined as the logarithm of gene copies per milliliter. The prevalence of TV infection was 12.9% and 59.6% of the women who tested positive were asymptomatic ( p =  0.011). Women who presented with abnormal vaginal discharge had a 4.6 times likelihood of testing positive for TV infection (odds ratio 4.62; 95% confidence interval 1.83 to 11.70; p =  0.001). TV infection was high amongst pregnant women. Therefore, routine testing for this sexually transmitted infection is encouraged for proper management.

scholarly journals Possible Transmission Mechanisms of Mixed Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in High HIV Prevalence Country, Botswana

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 953-960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeonsoo Baik ◽  
Chawangwa Modongo ◽  
Patrick K. Moonan ◽  
Eleanor S. Click ◽  
James L. Tobias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection ◽  
Transmission Mechanisms

scholarly journals P.3.24 Prevalence of non-fatal injuries in informal waste recyclers in landfill sites in johannesburg, south africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A103.1-A103
Author(s):  
Nisha Naicker ◽  
Tahira Kootbodien ◽  
Vusi Ntlebi ◽  
Kerry Wilson ◽  
Felix Made ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Landfill Sites

BackgroundWaste recyclers at landfill sites separate, collect and sell recyclable solid waste. They do not receive Occupational Health and Saftey (OHS) training, personal protective equipment (PPE) or health support. There is limited information of the extent of adverse health outcomes experienced by waste recyclers in South Africa. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and possible risk factors for injuries experienced by waste recyclers.MethodsA cross sectional study was conducted among waste recyclers working in two landfill sites. Interviews were conducted with 361 waste recyclers using a structured questionnaire with information on socio-demographic history, exposures and injuries experienced. Logistic regression with OR was used to determine the significant risk factors for having experienced an injury in the last 6 months.ResultsThe average age was 33.7 years, range of 18–81 year. The majority were male (73.4%) and had completed secondary school education (77.8%). The average income earned was $119 per month and 51% lived in informal dwellings. Exposures included rodents (91%), lifting heavy object (87%), dogs (78%), chemicals (66%), needles (43 .%), falling waste (38%) and violence (20%). Although 90% of participants stated they wore some kind of PPE, this was not always suitable for the work conducted. 33% experienced an injury. The commonest injuries were bitten by rats (90%), falls on site (46.7%), muscular pain (29%), dog attacks (21%), violence from other waste pickers (20%) and needle stick injuries (20%). Logistic regression results showed that being male (crude OR 2.94, 95% CI- 1.399–6.195) and age <34 years (crude OR=2.69, 95% CI 4.145–4.988) were significant risk factors for injuries.ConclusionThere is a high prevalence of injuries experienced by waste recyclers at landfill sites. OHS awareness and use of appropriate PPE should be provided to waste recyclers in order to prevent occupationally related injuries.

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