scholarly journals Determinants of Infant Susceptibility to Malaria During the First Year of Life in South Western Cameroon

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias O. Apinjoh ◽  
Judith K. Anchang-Kimbi ◽  
Regina N. Mugri ◽  
Clarisse Njua-Yafi ◽  
Rolland B. Tata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Intermittent Preventive Treatment ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Malaria Episode ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
First Year ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background.  Falciparum malaria is an important pediatric infectious disease that frequently affects pregnant women and alters infant morbidity. However, the impact of some prenatal and perinatal risk factors such as season and intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy (IPTp) on neonatal susceptibility has not been fully elucidated. Methods.  A cohort of 415 infants born to women who were positive and negative for malaria was monitored in a longitudinal study in Southwestern Cameroon. The clinical and malaria statuses were assessed throughout, whereas paired maternal-cord and 1-year-old antimalarial antibodies were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Infant susceptibility to malaria was ascertained after accounting for IPTp and season in the statistical analysis. Results.  Malaria prevalence was higher in women (P = .039) who delivered during the rainy season and their infants (P = .030) compared with their dry season counterparts. Infants born to women who were positive for malaria (6.40 ± 2.83 months) were older (P = .028) than their counterparts who were negative for malaria (5.52 ± 2.85 months) when they experienced their first malaria episode. Infants born in September–November (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.13–0.72) and to mothers on 1 or no IPTp-sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) dose (adjusted OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.28–0.91) were protected, whereas those born in the rainy season (adjusted OR = 2.82, 95% CI = 1.21–6.55) were susceptible to malaria. Conclusions.  Intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy and month of birth have important implications for infant susceptibility to malaria, with 2 or more IPTp-SP dosage possibly reducing immunoglobulin M production.

scholarly journals Reduced Efficacy of Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Malnourished Children

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 1753-1759 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Danquah ◽  
Ekkehart Dietz ◽  
Philipp Zanger ◽  
Klaus Reither ◽  
Peter Ziniel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Intermittent Preventive Treatment ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Child Growth ◽  
Northern Ghana ◽  
First Year ◽  
Malnourished Children ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Intermittent preventive treatment in infants with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTi-SP) reduces malaria episodes by 20 to 59% across Africa. This protective efficacy, however, may be affected by the high frequency of malnutrition in African infants. We analyzed the impact of malnutrition as defined by anthropometry on the incidence of malaria and on the protective efficacy of IPTi in a cohort of 1,200 children in northern Ghana, where malaria is hyperendemic. These children received IPTi-SP or placebo at 3, 9, and 15 months of age and were monitored until 24 months of age. Malnutrition was present in 32, 40, and 50% of children at ages 3, 9, and 15 months, respectively. It was associated with increased risks of severe anemia and death but not an increased risk of malaria. Although malaria slightly contributed to chronic malnutrition, IPTi did not substantially improve child growth. Importantly, the protective efficacies of IPTi in malnourished children were roughly half or even less of those observed in nonmalnourished children. In the first year of life, IPTi reduced the incidence of malaria to a significantly lesser extent in infants who received both doses in a malnourished condition (25%; 95% confidence interval [CI], −7 to 48%) compared to that of nonmalnourished children (46%; 95% CI, 30 to 58%; P = 0.049). Moreover, in contrast to nutritionally advantaged children, the rate of severe malaria appeared to be increased in malnourished children who took IPTi. IPTi might exhibit reduced efficacy in regions of abundant malnutrition. Concomitant nutrition programs may be needed in these places to achieve the desired impact.

scholarly journals Trends in Malaria Epidemiological Factors Following the Implementation of Current Control Strategies in Dangassa, Mali

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahamoudou Toure ◽  
Moussa Keita ◽  
Fousseyni Kane ◽  
Daouda Sanogo ◽  
Salim Kante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Intermittent Preventive Treatment ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Malaria Prevention ◽  
Current Control ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Elisa Testing

Abstract Background: Over the past decade, three strategies have reduced severe malaria cases and deaths in endemic regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas, specifically: 1] artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), 2] insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) , and 3] intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in pregnancy (IPTp. The rationale for this study was to examine communities in Dangassa, Mali where in 2015 two additional control strategies were implemented: ITN universal coverage and Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention (SMC) among children less than five years. Methods: This was a prospective study based on a rolling longitudinal cohort of 1,401 subjects participating in biannual smear surveys for the prevalence of asymptomatic P. falciparum infection and continuous surveillance for the incidence of human disease (uncomplicated malaria). Entomologic collections were performed to examine the intensity of transmission based on pyrethroid spray catches, human landing catches, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) testing for circumsporozoite antigen. Results: A total of 1,401 participants of all ages were enrolled in the study in 2012 after random sampling of households from the community census list. Prevalence of infection was extremely high in Dangassa varying from 9.5% to 62.8% at the start of the rainy season and from 15.1% to 66.7% at the end of the rainy season. Likewise, the number of vectors per house, biting rates, sporozoïtes rates and entomologic inoculation rates (EIR) were substantially greater in Dangassa. Discussion: The findings for this study are consistent with the progressive implementation of effective malaria control strategies in Dangassa. At baseline (2012-2014), prevalence of P. falciparum was above 60% followed by a significant year-to-year decease starting in 2015. Incidence of uncomplicated infected was greater among children < five years while asymptomatic infection was more frequent among the five to fourteen years old. A significant decrease in entomological inoculation rate was also observed from 2015 to 2020. Likewise, vectors’ density, sporozoïtes rates, and entomologic inoculation rates decrease substantially during the study period. Conclusion: Efficient Implementation of two main malaria prevention strategies in Dangassa substantially contribute to a reduction of both asymptomatic and symptomatic malaria in Dangassa from 2015 to 2020

scholarly journals Impact of Intermittent Preventive Treatment with Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine on Antibody Responses to Erythrocytic-Stage Plasmodium falciparum Antigens in Infants in Mozambique

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1282-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Quelhas ◽  
Laura Puyol ◽  
Llorenç Quintó ◽  
Elisa Serra-Casas ◽  
Tacilta Nhampossa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Intermittent Preventive Treatment ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Expanded Program On Immunization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Antibody Tests ◽  
Immunofluorescence Antibody

ABSTRACT We evaluated the impact of intermittent preventive treatment in infants (IPTi) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP), which was given at ages 3, 4, and 9 months through the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI), on the development of antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum in Mozambique. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG subclass antibodies specific to whole asexual parasites and to recombinant MSP-119, AMA-1, and EBA-175 were measured at ages 5, 9, 12, and 24 months for 302 children by immunofluorescence antibody tests and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Antibody responses did not significantly differ between children receiving IPTi with SP and those receiving a placebo at any time point measured, with the exception of the responses of IgG and IgG1 to AMA-1 and/or MSP-119, which were significantly higher in the SP-treated group than in the placebo group at ages 5, 9, and/or 24 months. IPTi with SP given through the EPI reduces the frequency of malarial illness while allowing the development of naturally acquired antibody responses to P. falciparum antigens.

scholarly journals Choosing interventions to eliminate forest malaria: preliminary results of two operational research studies inside Cambodian forests

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber Kunkel ◽  
Chea Nguon ◽  
Sophea Iv ◽  
Srean Chhim ◽  
Dom Peov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Screening ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Intermittent Preventive Treatment ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Rapid Diagnostic Tests ◽  
First Year ◽  
Passive Case Detection

Abstract Background Rapid elimination of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Cambodia is a goal with both national and international significance. Transmission of malaria in Cambodia is limited to forest environments, and the main population at risk consists of forest-goers who rely on forest products for income or sustenance. The ideal interventions to eliminate malaria from this population are unknown. Methods In two forested regions of Cambodia, forest-goers were trained to become forest malaria workers (FMWs). In one region, FMWs performed mass screening and treatment, focal screening and treatment, and passive case detection inside the forest. In the other region, FMWs played an observational role for the first year, to inform the choice of intervention for the second year. In both forests, FMWs collected blood samples and questionnaire data from all forest-goers they encountered. Mosquito collections were performed in each forest. Results Malaria prevalence by PCR was high in the forest, with 2.3–5.0% positive for P. falciparum and 14.6–25.0% positive for Plasmodium vivax among forest-goers in each study site. In vectors, malaria prevalence ranged from 2.1% to 9.6%, but no P. falciparum was observed. Results showed poor performance of mass screening and treatment, with sensitivity of rapid diagnostic tests equal to 9.1% (95% CI 1.1%, 29.2%) for P. falciparum and 4.4% (95% CI 1.6%, 9.2%) for P. vivax. Malaria infections were observed in all demographics and throughout the studied forests, with no clear risk factors emerging. Conclusions Malaria prevalence remains high among Cambodian forest-goers, but performance of rapid diagnostic tests is poor. More adapted strategies to this population, such as intermittent preventive treatment of forest goers, should be considered.

Reduced birth weight caused by sextuple drug resistant Plasmodium falciparum infection in early 2nd trimester

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helle Hansson ◽  
Daniel T R Minja ◽  
Sofie L Moeller ◽  
John P A Lusingu ◽  
Ib C Bygbjerg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Birth Outcomes ◽  
Birth Outcome ◽  
Intermittent Preventive Treatment ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mutant Haplotype

Abstract Mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum genes Pfdhfr and Pfdhps, particularly the sextuple mutant haplotype threatens the antimalarial effectiveness of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine as intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy (IPTp). To explore the impact of sextuple mutant haplotype infections on outcome measures after provision of IPTp-SP, we monitored birth outcomes in women followed from prior to conception or from the first trimester until delivery. Women infected with sextuple haplotypes in early 2 nd trimester specifically, delivered newborns with a lower birth weight (-267g, 95% CI -454; -59, p=0·01) compared to women who did not have malaria during pregnancy and women infected with less SP resistant haplotypes (-461g, 95% CI -877; -44, p=0·03). Thus, sextuple haplotype infections seems to impact the effectiveness of SP for IPTp and directly impact birth outcome by lowering birth weight. Close monitoring and targeted malaria control during early pregnancy is therefore crucial to improve birth outcomes.

scholarly journals Breastfeeding, maternal asthma and wheezing in the first year of life: a longitudinal birth cohort study

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1602019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan B. Azad ◽  
Lorena Vehling ◽  
Zihang Lu ◽  
David Dai ◽  
Padmaja Subbarao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Birth Cohort Study ◽  
P Value ◽  
First Year ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Complementary Foods ◽  
Adjusted Rate ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Impact

The impact of breastfeeding on respiratory health is uncertain, particularly when the mother has asthma. We examined the association of breastfeeding and wheezing in the first year of life.We studied 2773 infants from the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) birth cohort. Caregivers reported on infant feeding and wheezing episodes at 3, 6 and 12 months. Breastfeeding was classified as exclusive, partial (supplemented with formula or complementary foods) or none.Overall, 21% of mothers had asthma, 46% breastfed for at least 12 months and 21% of infants experienced wheezing. Among mothers with asthma, breastfeeding was inversely associated with infant wheezing, independent of maternal smoking, education and other risk factors (adjusted rate ratio (aRR) 0.52; 95% CI 0.35–0.77 for ≥12 versus <6 months breastfeeding). Compared with no breastfeeding at 6 months, wheezing was reduced by 62% with exclusive breastfeeding (aRR 0.38; 95% CI 0.20–0.71) and by 37% with partial breastfeeding supplemented with complementary foods (aRR 0.63; 95% CI 0.43–0.93); however, breastfeeding was not significantly protective when supplemented with formula (aRR 0.89; 95% CI 0.61–1.30). Associations were not significant in the absence of maternal asthma (p-value for interaction <0.01).Breastfeeding appears to confer protection against wheezing in a dose-dependent manner among infants born to mothers with asthma.

scholarly journals The development of the cortisol response to dyadic stressors in Black and White infants

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 1995-2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Dismukes ◽  
Elizabeth Shirtcliff ◽  
Christopher W. Jones ◽  
Charles Zeanah ◽  
Katherine Theall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Life ◽  
First Year ◽  
Strange Situation ◽  
Cortisol Reactivity ◽  
Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal ◽  
Black And White ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Still Face Paradigm ◽  
Strange Situation Procedure

AbstractAcute reactivity of the stress hormone cortisol is reflective of early adversity and stress exposure, with some studies finding that the impact of adversity on the stress response differs by race. The objectives of the current study were to characterize cortisol reactivity to two dyadically based stress paradigms across the first year of life, to examine cortisol reactivity within Black and White infants, and to assess the impact of correlates of racial inequity including socioeconomic status, experiences of discrimination, and urban life stressors, as well as the buffering by racial socialization on cortisol patterns. Salivary cortisol reactivity was assessed at 4 months of age during the Still Face paradigm (N = 207) and at 12 months of age across the Strange Situation procedure (N = 129). Infants demonstrated the steepest recovery after the Still Face paradigm and steepest reactivity to the Strange Situation procedure. Race differences in cortisol were not present at 4 months but emerged at 12 months of age, with Black infants having higher cortisol. Experiences of discrimination contributed to cortisol differences within Black infants, suggesting that racial discrimination is already “under the skin” by 1 year of age. These findings suggest that race-related differences in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal reactivity are present in infancy, and that the first year of life is a crucial time period during which interventions and prevention efforts for maternal–infant dyads are most likely able to shape hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal reactivity thereby mitigating health disparities early across the life course.

Impact of intrapartum antibiotics on the infant gastrointestinal microbiome: a narrative review

2021 ◽  
pp. archdischild-2021-322590
Author(s):  
Laura Diamond ◽  
Rachel Wine ◽  
Shaun K Morris
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
First Year ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Alpha And Beta Diversity ◽  
Ovid Medline ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Impact

BackgroundThe composition of the infant gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome has been linked to adverse long-term health outcomes and neonatal sepsis. Several factors are known to impact the composition of the microbiome, including mode of delivery, gestational age, feeding method and exposure to antibiotics. The impact of intrapartum antibiotics (IPAs) on the infant microbiome requires further research.ObjectiveWe aimed to evaluate the impact of IPAs on the infant GI microbiome.MethodsWe searched Ovid MEDLINE and Embase Classic+Embase for articles in English reporting on the microbiome of infants exposed to IPAs from the date of inception to 3 January 2021. Primary outcomes included abundance and colonisation of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, as well as alpha and beta diversity.Results30 papers were included in this review. In the first year of life, following exposure to IPAs, 30% (6/20) of infant cohorts displayed significantly reduced Bifidobacterium, 89% (17/19) did not display any significant differences in Lactobacillus colonisation, 21% (7/34) displayed significantly reduced alpha diversity and 35% (12/34) displayed alterations in beta diversity. Results were further stratified by delivery, gestational age (preterm or full term) and feeding method.ConclusionsIPAs impact the composition of the infant GI microbiome, resulting in possible reductions Bifidobacterium and alpha diversity, and possible alterations in beta diversity. Our findings may have implications for maternal and neonatal health, including interventions to prevent reductions in health-promoting bacteria (eg, probiotics) and IPA class selection.

The impact of intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine on the prevalence of malaria parasitaemia in pregnancy

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uchenna Anthony Umeh ◽  
Samuel N Obi ◽  
Hyacinth E Onah ◽  
Emmanuel Onyebuchi V Ugwu ◽  
Leonard Ogbonna Ajah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intermittent Preventive Treatment ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Malaria Parasitaemia ◽  
The Impact ◽  
In Pregnancy

scholarly journals Mediterranean diet adherence during pregnancy and risk of wheeze and eczema in the first year of life: INMA (Spain) and RHEA (Greece) mother–child cohort studies

2013 ◽  
Vol 110 (11) ◽  
pp. 2058-2068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leda Chatzi ◽  
Raquel Garcia ◽  
Theano Roumeliotaki ◽  
Mikel Basterrechea ◽  
Haizea Begiristain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Diet ◽  
Dairy Products ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
First Year ◽  
Processed Meat ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Meat Intake ◽  
First Year Of Life ◽  
The Impact

Maternal diet during pregnancy might influence the development of childhood allergic disorders. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence during pregnancy on wheeze and eczema in the first year of life in two population-based mother–child cohorts in Spain and Greece. We studied 1771 mother–newborn pairs from the Spanish multi-centre ‘INMA’ (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) study (Gipuzkoa, Sabadell and Valencia) and 745 pairs from the ‘RHEA’ study in Crete, Greece. The symptoms of wheeze and eczema were based on the criteria of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Maternal diet during pregnancy was assessed by FFQ and MD adherence was evaluated through an a priori score. Multivariate log-binomial regression models were used to adjust for several confounders in each cohort and summary estimates were obtained by a meta-analysis. MD adherence was not associated with the risk of wheeze and eczema in any cohort, and similar results were identified in the meta-analysis approach. High meat intake (relative risk (RR) 1·22, 95 % CI 1·00, 1·49) and ‘processed’ meat intake (RR 1·18, 95 % CI 1·02, 1·37) during pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of wheeze in the first year of life, while a high intake of dairy products was significantly associated with a decreased risk of infantile wheeze (RR 0·83, 95 % CI 0·72, 0·96). The results of the present study show that high meat intake during pregnancy may increase the risk of wheeze in the first year of life, while a high intake of dairy products may decrease it.

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