1617. Mumps in Detention Facilities that House Detained Migrants—United States, September 2018–April 2019

Abstract Background Starting in September 2018, an unusually high number of mumps cases were reported in US adult detention facilities. Detention facilities usually involve close contact among detainees, facilitating transmission of mumps. Detainees in close contact with a mumps patient are at increased risk for acquiring mumps and should be offered a dose of MMR vaccine. We summarize the epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory data for mumps cases in adult detention facilities during September 2018-April 2019. Methods Data were collected by health departments and US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Health Services Corps and reported to CDC. Cases were classified according to the CSTE case definition for mumps and confirmed by RT-qPCR; molecular sequencing was performed on mumps-positive specimens. Results From September 2018-April 2019, 389 confirmed and probable mumps cases in adult migrants detained by ICE in 44 detention facilities were reported in 16 states (figure). The median age of patients was 24 years (range: 18–66); 94% were male. Vaccination status was unknown for all patients. Most (80%) patients were exposed while in custody of ICE or other US legal agency, 7% were exposed before apprehension, and custody status at exposure was unknown for 13%. Among 265 patients with data on complications, 15% had orchitis; at least 3 were hospitalized. Mumps genotype G, the most common genotype in US, was identified in specimens from 70 patients. This mumps response included >7,000 MMR vaccine doses distributed to affected facilities, and hundreds of exposed detainees placed under restricted movement in their facility each week. The response is ongoing as new cases continue to be reported. Conclusion This is the first report of mumps outbreaks occurring in multiple states and detention facilities during the same period. These outbreaks are costly and challenging to control. Identifying target groups for vaccination is challenging since detainees are frequently transferred and MMR vaccine does not prevent mumps in persons already exposed and infected. Effective public health interventions require an understanding of detention settings. Development of national guidance and resources for public health response to mumps and other infectious diseases in detention facilities would be beneficial. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Effect of COVID-19 on childhood Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in Chengdu, China

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-021-02679-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ying Zhang ◽

Yijie Huang ◽

Tao Ai ◽

Jun Luo ◽

Hanmin Liu

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽

Close Contact ◽

Serum Antibody ◽

Pathogen Transmission ◽

Western China ◽

Public Health Response ◽

The Public ◽

Health Response ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, a change in the incidence and transmission of respiratory pathogens was observed. Here, we retrospectively analyzed the impact of COVID-19 on the epidemiologic characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection among children in Chengdu, one of the largest cities of western China. Method M. pneumoniae infection was diagnosed in 33,345 pediatric patients with respiratory symptoms at the Chengdu Women’s & Children’s Central Hospital between January 2017 and December 2020, based on a serum antibody titer of ≥1:160 measured by the passive agglutination assay. Differences in infection rates were examined by sex, age, and temporal distribution. Results Two epidemic outbreaks occurred between October-December 2017 and April-December 2019, and two infection peaks were detected in the second and fourth quarters of 2017, 2018, and 2019. Due to the public health response to COVID-19, the number of positive M. pneumoniae cases significantly decreased in the second quarter of 2020. The number of M. pneumoniae infection among children aged 3–6 years was higher than that in other age groups. Conclusions Preschool children are more susceptible to M. pneumoniae infection and close contact appears to be the predominant factor favoring pathogen transmission. The public health response to COVID-19 can effectively control the transmission of M. pneumoniae.

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Childhood detention during COVID-19 in Italy: building momentum for a comprehensive child protection agenda

International Health ◽

10.1093/inthealth/ihaa050 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Silvia Logar ◽

Maggie Leese

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Child Protection ◽

State Responsibility ◽

Infectious Agents ◽

Public Health Response ◽

The Public ◽

Health Response ◽

The Government ◽

Detention Facilities

Abstract Childhood detention represents an integral part of the public health response to the COVID-19 emergency. Prison conditions in Italy put detained minors at grave risk of contracting sudden acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. To date (29 April 2020), the Italian penitentiary system is housing 161 minors (147 males), most of them in pre-trial custody, as well as 50 children <3 y of age residing with their mothers in detention. Furthermore, the government reported 5265 unaccompanied minor migrants, mainly from Gambia and Egypt. The fundamental approach to be followed in childhood detention during COVID-19 is prevention of the introduction of infectious agents into detention facilities, limiting the spread within the prison and reducing the possibility of spread from the prison to the outside community. This appears challenging in countries like Italy with intense SARS-CoV-2 transmission. The current COVID-19 pandemic shows the need to provide a comprehensive childhood protection agenda, as the provision of healthcare for people in prisons and other places of detention is a state responsibility.

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Cost of Public Health Response and Outbreak Control With a Third Dose of Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine During a University Mumps Outbreak—Iowa, 2015–2016

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofy199 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (10) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mona Marin ◽

Tricia L Kitzmann ◽

Lisa James ◽

Patricia Quinlisk ◽

Wade K Aldous ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Vaccine Coverage ◽

The United States ◽

Mmr Vaccine ◽

Public Health Response ◽

University Of Iowa ◽

Outbreak Control ◽

Response Planning ◽

Health Response ◽

The University

Abstract Background The United States is experiencing mumps outbreaks in settings with high 2-dose measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine coverage, mainly universities. The economic impact of mumps outbreaks on public health systems is largely unknown. During a 2015–2016 mumps outbreak at the University of Iowa, we estimated the cost of public health response that included a third dose of MMR vaccine. Methods Data on activities performed, personnel hours spent, MMR vaccine doses administered, miles traveled, hourly earnings, and unitary costs were collected using a customized data tool. These data were then used to calculate associated costs. Results Approximately 6300 hours of personnel time were required from state and local public health institutions and the university, including for vaccination and laboratory work. Among activities demanding time were case/contact investigation (36%), response planning/coordination (20%), and specimen testing and report preparation (13% each). A total of 4736 MMR doses were administered and 1920 miles traveled. The total cost was >$649 000, roughly equally distributed between standard outbreak control activities and third-dose MMR vaccination (55% and 45%, respectively). Conclusions Public health response to the mumps outbreak at the University of Iowa required important amounts of personnel time and other resources. Associated costs were sizable enough to affect other public health activities.

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Opportunities for Prevention: A Data-Linkage Study to Inform A Public Health Response to Youth Offending in The Northern Territory, Australia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-81412/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vincent Yaofeng He ◽

Bernard Leckning ◽

Catia Malvaso ◽

Tamika Williams ◽

Leanne Liddle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Child Maltreatment ◽

Home Care ◽

Cumulative Incidence ◽

Northern Territory ◽

Public Health Response ◽

Out Of Home Care ◽

Health Response ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Numerous studies have demonstrated a strong link between child maltreatment and subsequent youth offending, leading to calls for early intervention initiatives. However, there have been few whole-population studies into the dimensions of statutory child maltreatment responses that can inform these programs. The aim of this study was to investigate the sex-specific association between level and timing of child protection system (CPS) contact and youth offending.Methods This retrospective cohort study used linked individual-level records from multiple agencies, for 10,438 Aboriginal children born in the Northern Territory between 1999 and 2006. The outcome measure was the first alleged offence. Key explanatory variables were level (no contact through to out-of-home care) and timing (0-4 years, 5-9 years, or both) of CPS contact. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate cumulative incidence and a flexible parametric survival model to estimate hazard ratios (HR).Results Children with no record of CPS contact before age 10 had the lowest cumulative incidence of first offence by age 18 (boys: 23.4% [95%CI:21.0-26.1]; girls: 6.6% [95%CI:5.3-8.2]) and those with a record of out-of-home care the highest CI (boys: 45.5% [95%CI:37.0-54.9]; girls: 18.6% [95%CI:13.0-26.2]). The impact of CPS contact on risk of first alleged offence was greatest for children aged 10-13 years and decreased with age. Timing of CPS contact was also associated with increasing cumulative incidence. The relative risk for first offence was generally higher for children with CPS contact, of any type, during both developmental phases including notifications during both phases (boys, HR at age 11: 8.9 [95%CI:4.2-17.2]; girls, HR at age 11: 13.7 [95%CI:3.8-48.9]) and substantiations during both phases (boys, HR at age 11: 17.0 [95%CI:9.6-30.0]; girls, HR at age 11: 54.1 [95%CI:18.1-162]). Conclusion The increased risk of offending associated with level and timing of early CPS contact highlights opportunities for a differentiated public health response to improve life trajectories for children and to reduce youth crime. Although children with unsubstantiated notifications of maltreatment do not meet the criteria for a statutory CPS response, the higher risk of offending among these children supports their inclusion in targeted preventive interventions.

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Opportunities for prevention: a data-linkage study to inform a public health response to youth offending in the Northern Territory, Australia

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11645-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Vincent Yaofeng He ◽

Bernard Leckning ◽

Catia Malvaso ◽

Tamika Williams ◽

Leanne Liddle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Relative Risk ◽

Child Maltreatment ◽

Home Care ◽

Cumulative Incidence ◽

Northern Territory ◽

Public Health Response ◽

Out Of Home Care ◽

Health Response ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Background Numerous studies have demonstrated a strong link between child maltreatment and subsequent youth offending, leading to calls for early intervention initiatives. However, there have been few whole-population studies into the dimensions of statutory child maltreatment responses that can inform these programs. The aim of this study was to investigate the sex-specific association between level and timing of child protection system (CPS) contact and youth offending. Methods This retrospective cohort study used linked individual-level records from multiple agencies, for 10,438Aboriginal children born in the Northern Territory between 1999 and 2006. The outcome measure was the first alleged offence. Key explanatory variables were level (no contact through to out-of-home care) and timing (0–4 years, 5–9 years, or both) of CPS contact. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate cumulative incidence and a flexible parametric survival model to estimate hazard ratios (HR). Results Children with no record of CPS contact before age 10 had the lowest cumulative incidence of first alleged offence by age 18 (boys: 23.4% [95%CI:21.0–26.1]; girls: 6.6% [95%CI:5.3–8.2]) and those with a record of out-of-home care the highest CI (boys: 45.5% [95%CI:37.0–54.9]; girls: 18.6% [95%CI:13.0–26.2]). The association of CPS contact with the relative risk of a first alleged offence was greatest for children aged 10–13 years and decreased with age. Timing of CPS contact was also associated with increasing cumulative incidence. The relative risk for first alleged offence was generally higher for children with CPS contact, of any type, during both developmental phases including notifications during both phases (boys, HR at age 11: 8.9 [95%CI:4.2–17.2]; girls, HR at age 11: 13.7 [95%CI:3.8–48.9]) and substantiations during both phases (boys, HR at age 11: 17.0 [95%CI:9.6–30.0]; girls, HR at age 11: 54.1 [95%CI:18.1–162]). Conclusion The increased risk of offending associated with level and timing of early CPS contact highlights opportunities for a differentiated public health response to improve life trajectories for children and to reduce youth crime. Although children with unsubstantiated notifications of maltreatment do not meet the criteria for a statutory CPS response, the higher risk of offending among these children supports their inclusion in targeted preventive interventions.

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Effect of COVID-19 on Childhood Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infection in Chengdu, China

10.21203/rs.3.rs-244802/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yijie Huang ◽

Ying Zhang ◽

Tao Ai ◽

Luo Jun ◽

Hanmin Liu

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽

Close Contact ◽

Pathogen Transmission ◽

Western China ◽

Respiratory Pathogens ◽

Public Health Response ◽

The Public ◽

Health Response ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background. Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, a change in the incidence and transmission of respiratory pathogens was observed. Here, we retrospectively analyzed the impact of COVID-19 on the epidemiologic characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection among children in Chengdu, one of the largest cities of western China.Method. M. pneumoniae infection was diagnosed in 33,345 pediatric patients with respiratory symptoms at the Chengdu Women’s & Children’s Central Hospital between January 2017 and September 2020, based on a titer of ³1:160 measured by the passive agglutination assay. Differences in infection rates were examined by sex, age, and temporal distribution.Results. Two epidemic outbreaks occurred between October–December 2017 and April–December 2019, and two infection peaks were detected in the second and fourth quarters of 2017, 2018, and 2019. Due to the public health response to COVID-19, the number of positive M. pneumoniae cases significantly decreased in the second quarter of 2020. The rate of M. pneumoniae infection among children aged 3–6 years was higher than that in other age groups.Conclusion. Preschool children are more susceptible to M. pneumoniae infection and close contact appears to be the predominant factor favoring pathogen transmission. The public health response to COVID-19 can effectively control the transmission of M. pneumoniae.

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Public Health Response to COVID-19 Cases in Correctional and Detention Facilities — Louisiana, March–April 2020

MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report ◽

10.15585/mmwr.mm6919e3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 69 (19) ◽

pp. 594-598 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Megan Wallace ◽

Mariel Marlow ◽

Sean Simonson ◽

Marceia Walker ◽

Natalie Christophe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Public Health Response ◽

Health Response ◽

Detention Facilities

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1724. Characteristics of the Ongoing Measles Outbreak in Greece in the Context of the Recent European-wide Epidemic and Public Health Measures

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofy209.130 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽

pp. S54-S54

Author(s):

Theano Georgakopoulou ◽

Elina Horefti ◽

Helena Maltezou ◽

Kassiani Gkolfinopoulou ◽

Alexandra Vernardaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Young Adults ◽

General Population ◽

Measles Virus ◽

Case Definition ◽

Molecular Testing ◽

Mmr Vaccine ◽

Public Health Response ◽

Roma Population ◽

Measles Outbreak

Abstract Background Measles is a highly contagious disease which still remains a cause of severe complications, including deaths worldwide, despite the existence of safe and effective vaccines. In the last 3 decades, the incidence of measles in Greece has constantly declined with only sporadic clusters or outbreaks (last outbreak in 2010–2011). We describe the characteristics of the ongoing measles outbreak and the Public Health response. Methods All measles cases are reported through the mandatory notification system (EU case definition 2012) to the Department of Surveillance and Intervention of the Hellenic Centre for Disease Control and Prevention. For laboratory confirmation patient sera were tested for IgM antibodies and pharyngeal swabs for the presence of measles virus RNA with RT-PCR. Sequencing of the measles nucleoprotein gene was applied in positively tested serological samples. Results From 9 May 2017 to 26 April 2018, 2,659 cases were reported in all 13 regions in Greece; 1,605 (60.4%) were laboratory confirmed. Most cases (n = 1,595; 60%) were Roma (73% children <10 years) followed by nonminority Greek nationals (n = 781; 29.4%, of whom 57% young adults 25–44 years), highlighting the immunity gap in Roma population. The vast majority of cases (80.5%) were unvaccinated. Ninety-four (3.5%) cases were healthcare workers (HCW); all were partially or not vaccinated. Genotype B3 was identified by molecular testing in all 88 cases tested. Severe complications were reported in 429 (16.1%) patients, most frequently pneumonia (43.8%) and hepatitis (21.2%). Three deaths were recorded in an 11-month-old immunocompromised Roma infant, a 17-year-old unvaccinated Roma, and a 35 year olds partially vaccinated individual from the general population. Extensive vaccination in refugee/migrant hosting sites prevented the emergence of a large number of cases. Mitigation efforts focused on closing the immunization gap in Roma population through emergency vaccination and raising awareness among HCWs to prevent further spread. Conclusion The current outbreak highlights the need to achieve high vaccination coverage with 2 doses of MMR vaccine in the general population (children, adolescents, and young adults) and in hard-to-reach vulnerable populations like Roma and refugees. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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Novel coronavirus associated with severe respiratory disease: Case definition and public health measures

Eurosurveillance ◽

10.2807/ese.17.39.20282-en ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 17 (39) ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

N Danielsson ◽

collective on behalf of the ECDC Internal Response Team ◽

M Catchpole

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Case Definition ◽

World Health ◽

Public Health Response ◽

Health Measures ◽

Health Response ◽

Disease Case ◽

The World ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

Two cases of rapidly progressive acute respiratory infection in adults associated with a novel coronavirus have generated an international public health response. The two infections were acquired three months apart, probably in Saudi Arabia and Qatar. An interim case definition has been elaborated and was published on the World Health Organization website on 25 September 2012.

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