scholarly journals Molecular Evidence of Influenza A Virus Circulation in African Dromedary Camels Imported to Saudi Arabia, 2017–2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz Alghamdi ◽  
Ahmed M Hassan ◽  
Ahmed M Tolah ◽  
Sawsan S Alamari ◽  
Abdulrahman A Alzahrani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Partial Genome

Abstract Little is known about influenza A viruses in dromedaries. Here, we detected influenza A viral RNA in 11 specimens (1.7 %) out of 665 nasal swabs collected from dromedaries between 2017 and 2018 in Saudi Arabia. Positive samples were detected only in imported camels from Sudan and Djibouti but not local ones. Partial genome sequencing indicates a close relationship to 2009–2019 human/swine influenza A H1N1 isolates from different countries, suggesting possible interspecies transmission. Taken together, dromedaries could represent a potentially unrecognized permissive host for these viruses, highlighting the need for enhanced surveillance in animals to aid implementation of one-health strategies.

scholarly journals Interspecies Transmission of Reassortant Swine Influenza A Virus Containing Genes from Swine Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H1N2) Viruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-281
Author(s):  
Helen E. Everett ◽  
Bethany Nash ◽  
Brandon Z. Londt ◽  
Michael D. Kelly ◽  
Vivien Coward ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Swine Influenza A Virus

scholarly journals Novel Swine Infl uenza AH1N1 and the Phase Six Pandemic

2010 ◽  
Vol 49 (179) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Khadka
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Antigenic Drift ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
H1n1 Strain ◽  
Health Organization

The family Orthomyxoviridae consists of Influenza A virus which is negative sense single stranded virus. The genome of the virus is segmented and possesses a peculiar trait of genetic reassortment. The influenza virus on its envelop consists of the antigenic glycoprotein like haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). The changes in those glycoprotein components due to antigenic shift and antigenic drift leads to the development of new strain of Influenza A viruses. Now the novel swine influenza A/H1N1 strain has been detected from different parts of the world which is causing pandemic. World Health Organization has declared the pandemic phase six and more than 60 countries have reported the cases of novel influenza A/H1N1 strain including Nepal. As the disease is spreading world wide, it is a major public health concern for all the countries. And especially the developing countries like Nepal should immediately respond to the situation and should be well prepared to combat the disease before the disease spreads to enough population. Keywords: pandemic, public health, reassortment, swine influenza A/H1N1.

scholarly journals KONFIRMASI FLU BABI A/H1N1 MENGGUNAKAN PCR

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
A.A. Wiradewi Lestari ◽  
I.A. Putri Wirawati ◽  
Tjok Gde Oka
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Sore Throat ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
2009 H1n1 ◽  
Pcr Test

Swine Influenza (2009 H1N1) is a new influenza virus causing illness in people. This new virus was first detected in the United Statespeople, April 2009. This virus probably spread the same way worldwide from person-to-person much as the regular spreading of commonseasonal influenza viruses. A 13 years old male entered the hospital with fever, cough and sore throat. Before he was hospitalized, hehad travelled to Batam for four (4) days. A PCR test from throat and nasal swabs were taken, and found positive for influenza A andswine H1 (as confirmed case for swine influenza A/H1N1). After taking oseltamivir for 5 days and the second PCR test negative, thepatient is released from the hospital.

scholarly journals Detection of pandemic influenza A/H1N1/pdm09 virus among pigs but not in humans in slaughterhouses in Kenya, 2013–2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Mogaka Osoro ◽  
Shirley Lidechi ◽  
Jeremiah Nyaundi ◽  
Doris Marwanga ◽  
Athman Mwatondo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Respiratory Illness ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Objective We conducted four cross-sectional studies over 1 year among humans and pigs in three slaughterhouses in Central and Western Kenya (> 350 km apart) to determine infection and exposure to influenza A viruses. Nasopharyngeal (NP) and oropharyngeal (OP) swabs were collected from participants who reported acute respiratory illness (ARI) defined as fever, cough or running nose. Nasal swabs and blood samples were collected from pigs. Human NP/OP and pig nasal swabs were tested for influenza A virus by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and pig serum was tested for anti-influenza A antibodies by ELISA. Results A total of 288 participants were sampled, 91.3% of them being male. Fifteen (5.2%) participants had ARI but the nine swabs collected from them were negative for influenza A virus by PCR. Of the 1128 pigs sampled, five (0.4%) nasal swabs tested positive for influenza A/H1N1/pdm09 by PCR whereas 214 of 1082 (19.8%) serum samples tested for Influenza A virus antibodies. There was higher seroprevalence in colder months and among pigs reared as free-range. These findings indicate circulation of influenza A/H1N1/pdm09 among pigs perhaps associated with good adaptation of the virus to the pig population after initial transmission from humans to pigs.

scholarly journals Evolution and Pathogenicity of the H1 and H3 Subtypes of Swine Influenza Virus in Mice between 2016 and 2019 in China

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 298
Author(s):  
Yuzhong Zhao ◽  
Fachao Sun ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Ting Chen ◽  
Shengliang Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza Virus ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Pandemic Virus ◽  
New Genotype ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Different Strains

Pigs are considered a “mixing vessel” that can produce new influenza strains through genetic reassortments, which pose a threat to public health and cause economic losses worldwide. The timely surveillance of the epidemiology of the swine influenza virus is of importance for prophylactic action. In this study, 15 H1N1, one H1N2, and four H3N2 strains were isolated from a total of 4080 nasal swabs which were collected from 20 pig farms in three provinces in China between 2016 and 2019. All the isolates were clustered into four genotypes. A new genotype represented by the H1N2 strain was found, whose fragments came from the triple reassortant H1N2 lineage, classical swine influenza virus (cs-H1N1) lineage, and 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus lineage. A/Sw/HB/HG394/2018(H1N1), which was clustered into the cs-H1N1 lineage, showed a close relationship with the 1918 pandemic virus. Mutations determining the host range specificity were found in the hemagglutinin of all isolates, which indicated that all the isolates had the potential for interspecies transmission. To examine pathogenicity, eight isolates were inoculated into 6-week-old female BALB/c mice. The isolates replicated differently, producing different viral loadings in the mice; A/Swine/HB/HG394/2018(H1N1) replicated the most efficiently. This suggested that the cs-H1N1 reappeared, and more attention should be given to the new pandemic to pigs. These results indicated that new reassortments between the different strains occurred, which may increase potential risks to human health. Continuing surveillance is imperative to monitor swine influenza A virus evolution.

scholarly journals No molecular evidence of MERS-CoV circulation in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia between 2010–2012: a single-center retrospective study

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (05) ◽  
pp. 390-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reem J Alamoudi ◽  
Leena E Azhar ◽  
Dareen H Alamoudi ◽  
Dena H Alamoudi ◽  
Ahmed M Tolah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Pcr Targeting ◽  
The City

Introduction: Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging zoonotic viral pathogen and a serious public health concern. The virus was first reported in Saudi Arabia in 2012 and continues to be endemic in the region. Most of the initial MERS-CoV cases in 2012 and early 2013 were sporadic, and it remains unclear whether MERS-CoV was circulating before 2012 or not. Therefore, we tried here to find any molecular evidence of MERS-CoV circulation in humans before or during 2012 in the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methodology: We examined 349 archived respiratory samples collected between January 2010 and December 2012 from patients with acute respiratory illnesses from the city of Jeddah in Western Saudi Arabia. All samples were screened for MERS-CoV by real-time RT-PCR targeting the upstream E-gene (UpE) and the open reading frame 1 a (ORF1a). Results: All tested samples which were originally found negative for influenza A H1N1 virus were also found to be negative for MERS-CoV. Conclusions: These results suggest that circulation of MERS-CoV was uncommon among patients with acute respiratory symptoms in Western Saudi Arabia between 2010 and 2012.

scholarly journals Molecular evidence for interspecies transmission of H3N2pM/H3N2v influenza A viruses at an Ohio agricultural fair, July 2012

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S Bowman ◽  
Srinand Sreevatsan ◽  
Mary L Killian ◽  
Shannon L Page ◽  
Sarah W Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
Influenza A Viruses

scholarly journals Antigenic and genetic characterization of H9N2 swine influenza viruses in China

2007 ◽  
Vol 88 (7) ◽  
pp. 2035-2041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan L. Cong ◽  
Juan Pu ◽  
Qin F. Liu ◽  
Shuai Wang ◽  
Guo Z. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Antigenic Variation ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Genetic Characteristics

As pigs are susceptible to infection with both avian and human influenza A viruses, they have been proposed to be an intermediate host for the generation of pandemic virus through reassortment. Antigenic and genetic characterization was performed for five swine H9N2 influenza viruses isolated from diseased pigs from different farms. The haemagglutinin (HA) antigenicity of swine H9N2 viruses was different from that of chicken H9N2 viruses prevalent in northern China. Genetic analysis revealed that all five isolates had an RLSR motif at the cleavage site of HA, which was different from those of A/duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 (Dk/HK/Y280/97)-like viruses established in chickens in China. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that the five swine H9N2 viruses formed novel HA and neuraminidase sublineages that were related closely to those of earlier chicken H9 viruses and were also consistent with the extent of the observed antigenic variation. The six internal genes of the isolates possessed H5N1-like sequences, indicating that they were reassortants of H9 and H5 viruses. The present results indicate that avian to porcine interspecies transmission of H9N2 viruses might have resulted in the generation of viruses with novel antigenic and genetic characteristics; therefore, surveillance of swine influenza should be given a high priority.

scholarly journals Influenza A viruses of avian origin circulating in pigs and other mammals.

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Urbaniak ◽  
Andrzej Kowalczyk ◽  
Iwona Markowska-Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
New Host

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are zoonotic agents, capable of crossing the species barriers. Nowadays, they still constitute a great challenge worldwide. The natural reservoir of all influenza A viruses are wild aquatic birds, despite the fact they have been isolated from a number of avian and mammalian species, including humans. Even when influenza A viruses are able to get into another than waterfowl population, they are often unable to efficiently adapt and transmit between individuals. Only in rare cases, these viruses are capable of establishing a new lineage. To succeed a complete adaptation and further transmission between species, influenza A virus must overcome a species barrier, including adaptation to the receptors of a new host, which would allow the virus-cell binding, virus replication and, then, animal-to-animal transmission. For many years, pigs were thought to be intermediate host for adaptation of avian influenza viruses to humans, because of their susceptibility to infection with both, avian and human influenza viruses, which supported hypothesis of pigs as a 'mixing vessel'. In this review, the molecular factors necessary for interspecies transmission are described, with special emphasis on adaptation of avian influenza viruses to the pig population. In addition, this review gives the information about swine influenza viruses circulating around the world with special emphasis on Polish strains.

scholarly journals Assessment of exposure to influenza A viruses in pigs between weaning and market age

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Bonin Ferreira ◽  
Zvonimir Poljak ◽  
Robert Friendship ◽  
Éva Nagy ◽  
Greg Wideman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Ha Gene ◽  
Testing Strategies ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
2009 H1n1 ◽  
Low Prevalence

AbstractInfluenza A viruses (IAVs) are common causes of respiratory infection in pigs. The objective of this study was to characterize the circulation of IAVs between weaning and market age on the basis of development of antibody response and molecular epidemiology of detected viruses. Two batches of weaned pigs were followed in the nursery and finisher barns with a sample of 81 and 75 pigs. Nasal swabs and blood samples were collected from individual pigs for virological and serological analyses. A H3N2 subtype virus, of cluster IV, was detected in Study 1, with a maximum of 97.9% identity to HA gene of viruses previously isolated in Ontario. In Study 2, a H1N1 subtype virus, of 2009 H1N1 pandemic lineage, was detected, with a maximum of 97.8% identity to HA gene of viruses previously isolated in Ontario. On the basis of HA gene, it was observed that pigs were being detected with the same virus over time. The existence of antibody titers for IAV other than the isolated one confirmed that more than one subtype can circulate in the same population. In Study 1, pigs with higher numbers of IAV detection had lower serological titers for the same virus that was confirmed to circulate in the nursery (P < 0.01). Thorough knowledge of all endemic viral strains is fundamental for development of infection and disease control, particularly in complex production systems. This may include consideration of sampling and testing strategies which could detect circulation of all IAV variants, even if they have low prevalence.

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