Transports from Terezín to the East

2020 ◽  
pp. 201-238
Author(s):  
Anna Hájková
Keyword(s):  
Mass Murder ◽  
Coping Mechanism ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Decision Taking

This last chapter looks at the role of Theresienstadt as a transit ghetto and explains how the transports to the East were organized. Specifically, the Jewish self-administration was forced to compile lists of prisoners for transports. The Jewish functionaries categorized people as indispensable and inmates complained about the injustice of the selection, demonstrating another aspect of stratification among the prisoners. Inmates’ decision taking but also fear and panic at the departing transports redefines our understanding of the victims’ powerlessness. Finally, the chapter looks at the long-standing ignorance of Theresienstadt inmates about the mass murder underway in the East as part of a coping mechanism.

Collection of Ego-Centered Network Data with Computer-Assisted Interviews

Methodology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Gerich ◽  
Roland Lehner
Keyword(s):  
Survey Methods ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Dynamic Structure ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Network Data ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Full Network

Although ego-centered network data provide information that is limited in various ways as compared with full network data, an ego-centered design can be used without the need for a priori and researcher-defined network borders. Moreover, ego-centered network data can be obtained with traditional survey methods. However, due to the dynamic structure of the questionnaires involved, a great effort is required on the part of either respondents (with self-administration) or interviewers (with face-to-face interviews). As an alternative, we will show the advantages of using CASI (computer-assisted self-administered interview) methods for the collection of ego-centered network data as applied in a study on the role of social networks in substance use among college students.

scholarly journals Inflammatory Pain Promotes Increased Opioid Self-Administration: Role of Dysregulated Ventral Tegmental Area   Opioid Receptors

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (35) ◽  
pp. 12217-12231 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Hipolito ◽  
A. Wilson-Poe ◽  
Y. Campos-Jurado ◽  
E. Zhong ◽  
J. Gonzalez-Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Tegmental Area ◽  
Opioid Receptors ◽  
Inflammatory Pain ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Ventral Tegmental

Role of unconditioned and conditioned drug effects in the self-administration of opiates and stimulants.

1984 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Stewart ◽  
Harriet de Wit ◽  
Roelof Eikelboom
Keyword(s):  
Drug Effects ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Administration

Role of neuropeptide neuromedin U in the nucleus accumbens shell in cocaine self-administration in male rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Kasper ◽  
Ashley E. Smith ◽  
Sierra N. Miller ◽  
Ara ◽  
William K. Russell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleus Accumbens ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Nucleus Accumbens Shell ◽  
Self Administration

The Role of Serotonin in the Development of Psychiatric Disorders: Studies on Drug Dependence and Anxiety-like Behaviour Following the Genetic Reduction of the Serotonin Transporter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Alana Oakly
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Early Development ◽  
Drug Dependence ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Enhanced Sensitivity

<p>Rationale: Given the high prevalence and large burden of psychiatric disorders it is imperative to determine the underling etiology in order for better understanding and treatment. The neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT) has been associated with mental disorders in humans both pharmacologically and genetically. Individuals with the short-allele of a prominent polymorphism within the 5-HT transporter (SERT) show increased incidence of mood disorders and drug dependence. However, whether or not dysregulation in the 5-HT system causes, or is just associated with, psychiatric disorders is impossible to determine from human studies alone. Consequently, it is imperative to employ an animal model of down-regulated SERT function. To better understand the role of 5-HT in drug dependence, the rat’s behavioural response to the psychostimulant (±) 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), a preferentially serotonergically mediated drug, was assessed. Finally, the ability to rescue the anxiety-like phenotype in the SERT-/- rat by altering extracellular 5-HT during early development was also evaluated.  Objective: The primary objective of the current thesis was to determine whether dysregulation of 5-HT is directly linked to the occurrence of psychiatric disorders, particularly drug dependence and anxiety.  Methods: A model of down-regulated SERT function, the SERT knock-out (SERT-/-) rat, was used for all experiments in order to determine a causal relationship between 5-HT dysregulation and psychiatric disorders. In Chapter 2, the response of the SERT-/- rats to various tasks usually disrupted by MDMA was assessed. In Chapter 3, the sensitivity of the SERT-/- rats to the reinforcing effects of MDMA was determined using the self-administration paradigm. Finally, in Chapter 4, whether the anxiety-like behaviour of the SERT-/- rat could be rescued through normalising excessive extracellular 5-HT neonatally was assessed. An attempt was also made to determine a mechanism by which 5-HT dysregulation could alter behaviour. To this end, gene expression previously found to be up- or down-regulated in the SERT-/- rat was assessed in the neonatally treated rats.  Results: The results of Chapter 2 indicated the SERT is necessary for MDMA’s disruption of startle habituation but not its psychomotor effects. Moreover, for those rats that could discriminate low dose MDMA from saline, genetic removal of the SERT resulted in the inability to discriminate MDMA from amphetamine, implying that, in these rats, MDMA was now subjectively indistinguishable from amphetamine. Indeed, this alteration also resulted in enhanced sensitivity to the reinforcing properties of MDMA, giving MDMA the qualities of a traditional psychostimulant in SERT-/- rats (Chapter 3). Finally, lowering the excessive 5-HT during neonatal development in SERT-/- rats led to a rescue of mild, but not high, anxiety-like behaviour in males. However, mRNA levels of long 3’NTR BDNF and 5-HT1a, genes associated with neurodevelopment, remained unchanged across genotypes and treatment groups (Chapter 4).  Conclusions: Genetic removal of the 5-HT transporter results in an altered behavioural response to MDMA, in particular an increased sensitivity to its reinforcing properties. However, while the genetic removal of the SERT results in enhanced extracellular 5-HT, the pathological phenotypes present in this rat are likely due to this increase occurring in early development, not its continued presence in adulthood. Overall, these findings contribute to the growing body of literature indicating that enhanced brain 5-HT during early development can lead to pathological behaviour in adulthood.</p>

scholarly journals The Role of Serotonin in MDMA Self-administration in Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sarah Bradbury
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Repeated Exposure ◽  
Lesion Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Initial Exposure ◽  
Abstinence Period

<p>Rationale: The profile of acquisition for MDMA self-administration differs from that of amphetamine and cocaine self-administration in that fewer rats meet an acquisition criterion and the latency to acquisition is longer. These characteristics of MDMA self-administration may be because it preferentially stimulates serotonin (5HT) release whereas self-administration has generally been attributed to enhanced dopamine (DA) neurotransmission. Because 5HTergic agonists are not self-administered and increased synaptic 5HT decreased self-administration of other drugs, MDMA self-administration may be initially inhibited by the pronounced 5HT response. Accordingly, the acquisition of MDMA self-administration might proceed as a result of deficits in 5HT neurotransmission and a corresponding disinhibition of DA neurotransmission.  Objective: The primary objective was to determine the role of 5HT in the acquisition and maintenance of MDMA self-administration.  Methods: MDMA-induced increases of extracellular 5HT and DA and their primary metabolites were measured in the DA terminal regions of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) using in vivo microdialysis, prior to the commencement of MDMA self-administration. The relationship between MDMA-induced increases of neurotransmitter levels and the acquisition of MDMA self-administration was assessed. A subsequent study depleted brain 5HT by administering the neurotoxin, 5,7 – DHT, or vehicle into the lateral ventricle of the left hemisphere, prior to the commencement of MDMA self-administration. The proportion of subjects that acquired MDMA self-administration and the latency to acquire MDMA self-administration was compared for the two groups. In order to determine effects of MDMA self-administration on 5HT and DA responses, behaviours that reflect 5HT and/or DA neurotransmission were measured 5 or 14 days after self-administration of 165 mg/kg MDMA, or 14 days after vehicle self-administration. These time periods were chosen because they reflect a period of 5HT deficits (5 days) and recovery (14 days). Finally, the effect of abstinence on MDMA self-administration was measured.  Results: The MDMA-induced increase of extracellular 5HT was significantly lower for the group that subsequently acquired MDMA self-administration but the MDMA-induced increase in DA was not different from the group that failed to acquire self-administration. 5, 7-DHT administration significantly decreased tissue levels of 5HT, but not DA. MDMA self-administration was facilitated by the lesion; 100% of the lesion group acquired MDMA self-administration, whereas only 50% of the control group acquired self-administration. Five days following the last MDMA self-administration session, DAergic behaviours were enhanced and 5HTergic behaviours were reduced relative to the control group. These differences in 5HTergic mediated behaviours were not apparent 14 days after self-administration but the DAergic behaviours remained elevated. The pattern of self-administration did not differ as a function of the length of the abstinence period.  Conclusions: The variability in acquisition of MDMA self-administration was related to the magnitude of the 5HT response evoked by initial exposure to MDMA. These findings suggested that predisposing differences in the 5HT response might explain differences in the variability in acquisition of MDMA self-administration. The negative impact of 5HT on the acquisition of MDMA self-administration was clearly demonstrated following a 5, 7-DHT lesion. Thus, 5HT limits the development of MDMA self-administration. With repeated exposure to self-administered MDMA, behavioural responses indicative of 5HT activation were reduced whereas behavioural indices of DA activation were increased. The maintenance of MDMA self-administration was comparable regardless of whether there was a forced abstinence period or not. These data are consistent with the hypotheses that 5HT is inhibitory to the acquisition, but not the maintenance, of MDMA self-administration. Rather, the maintenance of self-administration might reflect sensitised DA responses that became apparent following repeated exposure.</p>

Role of α4- and α6-containing nicotinic receptors in the acquisition and maintenance of nicotine self-administration

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 500-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather B. Madsen ◽  
Harcharan S. Koghar ◽  
Tine Pooters ◽  
Jim S. Massalas ◽  
John Drago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Receptors ◽  
Self Administration

Obedient Authoritarians or Lay Darwinists?

2019 ◽  
pp. 29-61
Author(s):  
Michał Bilewicz
Keyword(s):  
Social Dominance ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Dominance Orientation ◽  
Mass Murder ◽  
Social Darwinism ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
General Explanation

This chapter discusses the role of ideology in genocides, beyond the traditional conservatism–liberalism distinction. This chapter analyzes ideological views in greater detail by reviewing established psychological concepts, such as authoritarianism and social dominance orientation, as well as conspiracy theories, racial health ideology, and the concept of Lebensraum that formed the ideological foundation of the Holocaust and other large-scale crimes. Authoritarian ideology accurately explains the behavior of desk killers, bureaucrats responsible for organizing the mass murder. Social dominance ideology seems to give a more general explanation of genocide—it can be found in German social Darwinism, the idea of Lebensraum, the Nazi eugenic program, and the illusions spread by occupiers among the victims and the bystanders. The chapter suggests that deep study of ideologies might provide important insight into perpetrators’ worldviews and into their justifications of criminal acts, as well as an explanation of bystanders’ and victims’ behavior.

The Overorganized Ghetto

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-58
Author(s):  
Anna Hájková
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Jewish Councils

This chapter examines the administration of the ghetto, the most complex and largest Jewish self-administration per capita in German-occupied Europe. It also offers background on the German and Austrian SS, who controlled but did not administer the ghetto. The Theresienstadt bureaucracy developed its own politics, wherein the ethnicity of functionaries carried as much weight as belonging to one of the often competing departments of the self-administration. The chapter explores the agency of the Jewish functionaries vis-à-vis the SS, and how they interacted with and were perceived by ordinary prisoners. In doing so it contributes to the debate on Jewish Councils. It also discusses the role of Leo Baeck and shows that he was a skillful, occasionally cunning functionary. Finally, the chapter discusses the Jewish informers, their motivation, and their contributions to the German running of the ghetto.

scholarly journals The role of the serotonin transporter in prefrontal cortex glutamatergic signaling following short- and long-access cocaine self-administration

2020 ◽  
pp. e12896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Caffino ◽  
Francesca Mottarlini ◽  
Boyd Van Reijmersdal ◽  
Francesca Telese ◽  
Michel M.M. Verheij ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Serotonin Transporter ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Glutamatergic Signaling ◽  
Long Access
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