Knowledge without Observation

2019 ◽  
pp. 93-116
Author(s):  
John Schwenkler
Keyword(s):  
Intentional Action ◽  
Accurate Description ◽  
First Person ◽  
Blue Book ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Bodily Movements

This chapter discusses the argument of Sections 28–32 of G.E.M. Anscombe’s Intention. It begins by relating Anscombe’s thesis that intentional action is known without observation to Wittgenstein’s discussion in the Blue Book of the knowledge of oneself “as subject” and Anscombe’s discussion in “The First Person” of unmediated self-knowledge. Following this, the chapter explores the difficulties that herself Anscombe raises for her thesis, and considers her reasons for thinking that the scope of an agent’s non-observational self-knowledge is not limited to her interior states or immediate bodily movements. Finally, it considers how the difficulties that Anscombe has raised are supposed to be addressed by her discussion of how descriptions of one’s intentional action can be contradicted, and of the difference between a list that has the role of an order and one whose role is to provide an accurate description of some facts.

The Misidentification of Immunity to Error through Misidentification

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (12) ◽  
pp. 663-677
Author(s):  
Rachael Wiseman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Special Kind ◽  
First Person ◽  
Personal Memory ◽  
Blue Book ◽  
Self Knowledge

Sidney Shoemaker credits Wittgenstein’s Blue Book with identifying a special kind of immunity to error that is characteristic of ‘I’ in its “use as subject” (Shoemaker 1968). This immunity to error is thought by Shoemaker, and by many following him, to be central to the meaning of ‘I’ and thus to the topics of self-knowledge, self-consciousness and personal memory. This paper argues that Wittgenstein’s work does not contain the thesis, nor any version of the thesis, that there is a use of ‘I’—‘use as subject’—which is ‘immune to error through misidentification’. It offers an interpretative corrective and shows that the passage in question is part of a deep challenge to IEM and to accounts of first-person thought that begin with the idea that there are two uses of the word ‘I’. With the corrective in place novel perspectives on the relation between self-consciousness and subjectivity become visible.

Practical Knowledge

2019 ◽  
pp. 155-200
Author(s):  
John Schwenkler
Keyword(s):  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Intentional Action ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Efficient Cause ◽  
The World ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
Strict Requirement ◽  
Observational Knowledge

This chapter discusses the argument of Sections 44-48 of G.E.M. Anscombe’s Intention. It begins by situating her appeal to the concept of practical knowledge in relation to the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas. Following this, the chapter shows how several elements in Aquinas’ account are drawn on by Anscombe in her argument that an agent’s self-knowledge of her act is “the cause of what it understands”. It is argued that Anscombe meant to characterize an agent’s practical knowledge as both formal and efficient cause of its object. Finally, the chapter considers whether Anscombe succeeds in defending her thesis that intentional action is necessarily known without observation. Here it is argued, first, that knowledge of one’s act is not a strict requirement of doing something intentionally, and second, that the role of observation in an agent’s self-knowledge is different from that of evidence in observational knowledge of the world.

Thought and Action: A Tribute to Stuart Hampshire

Philosophy ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. S. Hacker
Keyword(s):  
Perception And Action ◽  
Human Agency ◽  
Intentional Action ◽  
Conceptual Scheme ◽  
The Third ◽  
Central Argument ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
Stuart Hampshire ◽  
The Individual

The paper is a tribute to the late Stuart Hampshire's investigations of the ramifying role of intention in our conceptual scheme. It surveys the central argument of Thought and Action and the third chapter of Freedom of the Individual. Emphasis is placed upon Hampshire's constructive account of human agency and consequent description of the manner in which perception and action are interwoven. His analysis of the character of intentional action, self-knowledge and autonomy is described. Various lacunae in Hampshire's account are identified and an attempt is made to fill them in in a manner consistent with Hampshire's insights.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF PUSHKIN STUDIES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF PHILOSOPHERS OF THE FIRST WAVE OF RUSSIAN EMIGRATION: A.V. KARTASHEV AND S.L. FRANC

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Э.М. Афанасьева
Keyword(s):  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Academic Science ◽  
Spiritual World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Russian Intelligentsia ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Prophetic Mission ◽  
Goals And Objectives

Вынужденное расставание с Родиной русской интеллигенцией, не принявшей революционные изменения, и начало первой волны эмиграции произошли на волне незавершенных споров об А.С. Пушкине для судьбы русской культуры. Эти споры стали основой философских концепций о целях и задачах пушкинистики как науки, призванной раскрыть феномен пушкинского творчества. В статье рассматриваются концепции А.В. Карташева и С.Л. Франка. Их работы были написаны к 100-летию со дня смерти А.С. Пушкина. Богослов А.В. Карташев в статье «Лик Пушкина» поставил вопрос о существовании «пассивной пушкинистики». Его концепция заострила внимание на явлении, которое станет важнейшей чертой русской интеллигенции ХХ в. Любительская или народная пушкинистика основана на внимательном отношении к академическому пушкиноведению и связана с читательской рефлексией, основанной на глубочайшем знании жизни и творчества Пушкина. С.Л. Франк обращается к проблеме постановки ключевых задач для академической науки. Они, по мнению философа, включают в себя исследование духовного мира Пушкина как факта национального самопознания. Несмотря на разницу в толковании пушкинистики, оба исследователя основываются на идее пророческой миссии Пушкина и науки, которая исследует его творчество. Russian intellectuals, who did not accept the revolutionary changes, were forced to leave their Homeland, and the beginning of the first wave of emigration took place on the wave of unfinished disputes about Pushkin for the fate of Russian culture. These disputes became the basis of philosophical concepts about the goals and objectives of Pushkin studies as a science designed to reveal the phenomenon of Pushkin's creativity. The article deals with the concepts of V.A. Kartashev and S.L. Frank. Their works were written for the 100th anniversary of Pushkin's death. Theologian V.A. Kartashev in the article The Face of Pushkin raised the question of the existence of «passive Pushkin studies». His concept focused attention on a phenomenon that would become an important feature of the Russian intelligentsia of the XXth century. Amateur or folk Pushkin studies are based on an attentive attitude to academic Pushkin studies and are connected with readers' reflection based on the deepest knowledge of Pushkin's life and work. S.L. Frank addresses the problem of setting key tasks for academic science. They, according to the philosopher, include the study of the spiritual world of Pushkin as a fact of national self-knowledge. Despite the difference in the interpretation of Pushkin studies, both researchers are based on the idea of Pushkin's prophetic mission and the science that explores his work.

Integrating Unconscious Belief

2018 ◽  
pp. 304-330
Author(s):  
Adam Leite
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
The Self ◽  
First Person ◽  
Moore’S Paradox ◽  
Moore's Paradox ◽  
Self Knowledge

The very idea of psychic integration presents puzzles in the case of unconscious belief, both for the analysand and for the theorist. In many cases, the unconsciously believed proposition is one that the analysand knows perfectly well to be false. What could it be to bring such a belief to consciousness? What could psychic integration come to in this sort of case? Put bluntly, the task facing the analysand is to consciously hold the belief even while placing it within a broader perspective in which it is recognized to be false. Implications are drawn concerning a number of large issues in epistemology and philosophy of mind: Moore’s Paradox, the role of rationality in psychic unity and self-consciousness, the nature of the first-person standpoint in relation to one’s own attitudes, transparency accounts of self-knowledge, and the role of endorsement in the constitution of the self.

The role of differential phase contrast in electron microscopy

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-177
Author(s):  
E.M. Waddell ◽  
J.N. Chapman ◽  
R.P. Ferrier
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Position Vector ◽  
Differential Phase ◽  
Pure Phase ◽  
Differential Phase Contrast ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Image Position ◽  
First Moment

Dekkers and de Lang (1977) have discussed a practical method of realising differential phase contrast in a STEM. The method involves taking the difference signal from two semi-circular detectors placed symmetrically about the optic axis and subtending the same angle (2α) at the specimen as that of the cone of illumination. Such a system, or an obvious generalisation of it, namely a quadrant detector, has the characteristic of responding to the gradient of the phase of the specimen transmittance. In this paper we shall compare the performance of this type of system with that of a first moment detector (Waddell et al.1977).For a first moment detector the response function R(k) is of the form R(k) = ck where c is a constant, k is a position vector in the detector plane and the vector nature of R(k)indicates that two signals are produced. This type of system would produce an image signal given bywhere the specimen transmittance is given by a (r) exp (iϕ (r), r is a position vector in object space, ro the position of the probe, ⊛ represents a convolution integral and it has been assumed that we have a coherent probe, with a complex disturbance of the form b(r-ro) exp (iζ (r-ro)). Thus the image signal for a pure phase object imaged in a STEM using a first moment detector is b2 ⊛ ▽ø. Note that this puts no restrictions on the magnitude of the variation of the phase function, but does assume an infinite detector.

On the Role of Transferrin in 67Ga Uptake by Tumor Cells

1988 ◽  
Vol 27 (04) ◽  
pp. 151-153
Author(s):  
P. Thouvenot ◽  
F. Brunotte ◽  
J. Robert ◽  
L. J. Anghileri
Keyword(s):  
Specific Binding ◽  
Subcellular Fractionation ◽  
Animal Blood ◽  
Tumor Bearing ◽  
Cell Structures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sarcoma Cells ◽  
In Vitro Uptake

In vitro uptake of 67Ga-citrate and 59Fe-citrate by DS sarcoma cells in the presence of tumor-bearing animal blood plasma showed a dramatic inhibition of both 67Ga and 59Fe uptakes: about ii/io of 67Ga and 1/5o of the 59Fe are taken up by the cells. Subcellular fractionation appears to indicate no specific binding to cell structures, and the difference of binding seems to be related to the transferrin chelation and transmembrane transport differences

REFLECTION COEFFICIENT OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE IN CONDUCTIVE MEDIA

2018 ◽  
pp. 100-106
Author(s):  
M. S. Sudakova ◽  
M. L. Vladov ◽  
M. R. Sadurtdinov
Keyword(s):  
Reflection Coefficient ◽  
Ground Penetrating Radar ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Direct And Inverse Problems ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ground Penetrating ◽  
Ideal Dielectric

Within the ground penetrating radar bandwidth the medium is considered to be an ideal dielectric, which is not always true. Electromagnetic waves reflection coefficient conductivity dependence showed a significant role of the difference in conductivity in reflection strength. It was confirmed by physical modeling. Conductivity of geological media should be taken into account when solving direct and inverse problems, survey design planning, etc. Ground penetrating radar can be used to solve the problem of mapping of halocline or determine water contamination.

Speculative Realism and Science Fiction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Willems
Keyword(s):  
Science Fiction ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Cormac Mccarthy ◽  
Doris Lessing ◽  
Speculative Realism ◽  
Neil Gaiman ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Quentin Meillassoux

A human-centred approach to the environment is leading to ecological collapse. One of the ways that speculative realism challenges anthropomorphism is by taking non-human things to be as valid objects of investivation as humans, allowing a more responsible and truthful view of the world to take place. Brian Willems uses a range of science fiction literature that questions anthropomorphism both to develop and challenge this philosophical position. He looks at how nonsense and sense exist together in science fiction, the way in which language is not a guarantee of personhood, the role of vision in relation to identity formation, the difference between metamorphosis and modulation, representations of non-human deaths and the function of plasticity within the Anthropocene. Willems considers the works of Cormac McCarthy, Paolo Bacigalupi, Neil Gaiman, China Miéville, Doris Lessing and Kim Stanley Robinson are considered alongside some of the main figures of speculative materialism including Graham Harman, Quentin Meillassoux and Jane Bennett.

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