Two Logics of Ethnic Mobilization

2019 ◽  
pp. 180-194
Author(s):  
Manuel Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
State Repression ◽  
Ethnic Mobilization ◽  
Political Contention ◽  
Multiethnic States ◽  
Conflict Outcomes ◽  
Conflict Research ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Practical Implications

This chapter first summarizes the main empirical findings of the foregoing chapters. It then elaborates on their theoretical and practical implications, describing how they contribute to a number of central debates in recent conflict research and related fields of political science. In particular, the chapter discusses how the book’s theory and empirical results relate to other types of political contention and violence, such as ethnonationalist terrorism, ethnic cleansing, and state repression, and what they imply for the study of conflict outcomes and diffusion. The chapter concludes by elaborating the adequate political responses to ethnic mobilization in different types of multiethnic states. Specifically, stratified societies require political institutions that permit the collective mobilization of historically discriminated groups in order to rectify the existing inequalities. In contrast, the decolonized states and other segmented unranked societies need institutions that promote strong transethnic organizations to counter the threat of violent conflict.

Local government innovation diffusion in China: an event history analysis of a performance-based reform programme

2016 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiannan Wu ◽  
Pan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Innovation Diffusion ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Diffusion Of Innovations ◽  
Event History Analysis ◽  
Event History ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Reform Programme ◽  
History Analysis ◽  
And Diffusion

The performance-based reform programme launched by Fujian province in 2000 has been adopted by many other Chinese provinces, including Zhejiang, Hebei, Anhui and Sichuan, over the past 12 years. This article aims to explore the antecedents of the adoption of this programme, in particular, the effects of senior figures' political promotion incentives and diffusion mechanisms. Specifically, event history analysis based on probit regression is used to examine data from 31 Chinese provinces for the 2000–2012 period. The results show that leaders' relative age and chances of being appointed to the Politburo, and distance to the general election, are significantly negatively correlated with the reform programme's adoption, but top-down diffusion is significantly positively correlated with it. Points for practitioners This study confirms that the nomenklatura system in China shapes the diffusion of innovations through the mechanisms of political promotion incentives and intergovernmental interactions. Thus, the dynamics of innovation diffusion are, to some extent, rooted in particular political institutions and shaped by political contexts. Furthermore, the desire for political promotions may figure as a general deep reason for decisions about whether to adopt innovations; therefore, strengthening these incentives for adopting reforms becomes a key strategy.

Constitutional Political Economy and Austrian Economics

2015 ◽  
pp. 463-490
Author(s):  
Mark Pennington
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Bounded Rationality ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Austrian Economics ◽  
Constitutional Political Economy ◽  
Ethical Evaluation ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
The Ideal

This chapter draws on key concepts from the Austrian school of economics to consider both the practical implications for and the ethical evaluation of the ideal constitutional schemes proposed by John Rawls and James Buchanan. With regard to practicalities, the chapter challenges the types of political regimes favored by Rawls and Buchanan on the grounds that they pay insufficient attention to the “knowledge problem.” With respect to moral evaluation, the chapter argues that the contractarian method provides insufficient grounds to judge the legitimacy of political institutions in a world characterized by actors with bounded rationality and diverse standards of evaluation.

A reality‐based guide to KMS diffusion

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Xu ◽  
Mohammed Quaddus
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Usefulness ◽  
End User ◽  
User Friendliness ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Managerial Practices ◽  
Adoption And Diffusion ◽  
The Cost ◽  
User Focus ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeTo summarise the findings from research in adopting and diffusing knowledge management systems.Design/methodology/approachThe approach is a summary of the study findings and a discussion of these.FindingsThe findings explain the adoption and diffusion of a KMS in an organization. These include: perceived usefulness has a positive relationship with an organization embarking on a KMS; people's decision to accept and use a KMS is directly determined by perceived user‐friendliness and perceived voluntariness; and the KMS diffusion process takes place in six stages.Research limitations/implicationsThis study tested the entire research model. In the future, parts of the model could be extracted and investigated in detail.Practical implicationsThe results have significant implications for managerial practices, including the need for a KMS; the cost of a KMS; significant factors of KMS adoption and diffusion; end‐user focus and involving people in the KMS; and organizational adjustment to embrace the KMS.Originality/valueThe study develops and tests a comprehensive model of KMS adoption and diffusion.

Information technology and diffusion in the New Zealand public health sector

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirmala Nath ◽  
YuanYuan Hu ◽  
Chris Budge
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Information Technology ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Health Board ◽  
District Health ◽  
Content Type ◽  
It Innovation ◽  
Clinical Workstation ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the influential agents that led to the successful acceptance and diffusion of the Concerto clinical workstation at the Northern District Health Board. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws on Rogers’ diffusion of innovation theory to interpret and analyse the factors that enabled acceptance and successful implementation of the innovative Concerto clinical workstation. Findings The authors conclude that human factors (clinicians) and non-human factors (the software package) simultaneously influenced the ready acceptance of the innovation. The reason for the positive acceptance and full diffusion of Concerto as compared to iHealth is the increased functionality it offers and its ability to provide clinicians with comprehensive patient records over a period of time, which assists in making informed decisions regarding the treatment, discharge, hospitalisation and recommendations for the future well-being of patients. Research limitations/implications The study focused on only one district health board (DHB); therefore, the outcomes may not be representative of all DHBs. Practical implications The study has practical implications for clinicians, DHB members and public health regulators. The outcomes illuminate the “agents” that positively influenced the diffusion of Concerto. The regulators and the DHBs can use this as a benchmark to determine how to lead the successful diffusion of information technology (IT) innovation in the public health sector. Social implications The impact on society is evident in the paper, as the use of an innovation, such as Concerto, saves time taken by clinicians to make more informed decisions regarding their patient care. Originality/value This study contributes to new knowledge by investigating the diffusion process of IT innovation with an intention of establishing the factors that enabled this process.

Davabirzhaot! Conflicting claims on public space in Tbilisi between transparency and opaqueness

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (7/8) ◽  
pp. 497-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Costanza Curro
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Criminal Career ◽  
State Repression ◽  
Content Type

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the form of young male socialisation referred to as birzha, in its relation to public space in Georgia. Birzha defines a group of young men who meet regularly in urban open spaces in Tbilisi’s neighbourhoods. Partly considered as the initial step of a criminal career, belonging to birzha is a mark of identification with one’s local group. The contested nature of public space is illustrated by the conflicting relation between birzha’s bottom-up use of public space and top-down projects of urban renovation sought by Saakashvili’s government. Design/methodology/approach – Drawing upon literary and media sources, and analysing fieldwork data collected in 2008-2009 and 2014, this study explores how the announced (re)construction of public space under Saakashvili resulted in institutional interventions from above which curtailed public space’s accessibility. Findings – The present analysis points out contradictions in Saakashvili’s government’s political narrative on public space. In the institutional focus on a future of order, transparency, and democracy, birzha is an insistent reminder of an informal and corrupted past. Banned from futuristic projections of the public space, in the present birzha is annihilated by state repression, enforced in opaque zones out of public sight. Originality/value – Focusing on a largely overlooked phenomenon in social science research, the paper highlights the ways in which conflicting approaches to public space affect the relation between political institutions and citizens. Delving into ambivalent public/private divides in post-socialist societies, the study of Georgian birzha offers an original angle for investigating the contestation of urban public space in relation to political legitimacy and transparency.

scholarly journals Rohingya’s Genocide: Human Rights and Politics

2018 ◽  
pp. 176-186
Author(s):  
Prachi Tomar ◽  
Aditya Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
The Political ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Marriage And Family ◽  
Political Contention ◽  
Ethnic Tension ◽  
Exclusionary Policies ◽  
The Government ◽  
Human Rights Violation

The Rohingya’s most persecuted ethnic minority, practicing Sunni Islam, traces their origin from Arakan kingdom. The present democratic government of Myanmar and previous military junta have practiced ethnic cleansing and denies to grant citizenship to Rohingya’s making them stateless. There has been great violation against this ethnic group by the Myanmar government in one or the other way like restriction on freedom of movement religious choice, unemployment, education, marriage and family planning. On the contrary the present de facto leader of Myanmar has totally denied such ethnic cleansing and brushed away the criticism of her not handling the crisis. This paper tries to understand the dynamics and severity involved, the origin of the ethnic tension, the exclusionary policies of the government and also examines the abuse, discrimination and gross human rights violation of Rohingya Muslims which leads to the politicization of the issue and vice-versa i.e. how politicization of the issue leads to gross human rights violation. This paper further analyzes the pattern of violation, international politics and the political and economic interest vested which contributed to forced displacement in Myanmar not only of the Rohingya’s but other minorities like the Shan, the Kachin, the Karen and how this crisis has fi red up the political debate in the neighboring countries and has become a political contention and concludes with recommendation to be taken by the government and international organization to improve the situation of the minorities in Myanmar.

Delta Democracy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. Herrold
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
Free Expression ◽  
State Repression ◽  
Just Society ◽  
Democracy Building

For decades, the United States has funded democracy promotion programs in the Middle East to little avail. Delta Democracy: Pathways to Incremental Civic Revolution in Egypt and Beyond argues that there is another way forward for US democracy aid. Drawing upon the author’s ethnographic research on Egypt’s nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the wake of the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings, Delta Democracy uncovers the strategies that local NGOs used to incrementally build a more democratic and just society. As it takes the reader inside the walls of Egypt’s NGOs, the book illuminates local activists’ perspectives on democracy in Egypt and reveals how savvy organizations promoted it as they navigated rapidly evolving opportunities and constraints in the years following the uprisings. Departing from US democracy brokers’ heavy-handed attempts to reform national political institutions, local organizations worked with grassroots communities to build a culture of democracy through public discussion and debate, free expression, and rights claiming. By weaving this democracy building work into public-facing economic development projects, Egypt’s NGOs managed to persevere through years of government crackdowns on civil society. Taking lessons learned from the Egyptian case, Delta Democracy advances our scholarly understanding of how civil society organizations maneuver state repression to combat political authoritarianism. It also offers a concrete set of recommendations on how US policymakers can restructure foreign aid to better connect with global contemporary civic revolutions for democracy.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua T. McCabe
Keyword(s):  
Political Institutions ◽  
Child Poverty ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
Extensive Discussion ◽  
The Us ◽  
Tax Benefits ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Practical Implications

Chapter 7 reviews the evidence presented in the previous chapters. It summarizes the support for my theories of fiscalization, presents an extensive discussion of alternative arguments, and explains why these other theories are wrong or cannot explain as well as my theories do the timing or the shape that fiscalization took in the US, the UK, and Canada. It concludes with a discussion of the theoretical implications of for the study of culture and political institutions and its practical implications for reform-oriented advocates interested in the politics of tax and antipoverty policies. This discussion includes a detailed blueprint for a politically viable consolidation of child-related tax benefits that would bring the US’s child poverty rate down in line with other liberal welfare regimes.

Hoping for the best, preparing for the worst

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter T. Coleman ◽  
Katharina G. Kugler ◽  
Robin Vallacher ◽  
Regina Kim
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Satisfaction ◽  
Regulatory Focus ◽  
Goal Attainment ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Prevention Focus ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Conflict Outcomes ◽  
Conflict Research ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Dynamic Interplay

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose that a more optimal regulatory focus in conflict reflects a mix of promotion and prevention considerations because conflict often elicits needs for promoting well-being as well as needs for preventing threats to security and interests. Two studies using distinct methodologies tested the hypothesis that social conflict is associated with better outcomes when the parties construe the conflict with a regulatory focus that reflects a combination of both promotion and prevention orientations. Design/methodology/approachStudy 1 was an experiment that framed the same low-intensity conflict scenario as either prevention- or promotion-focused, or as both. In Study 2, we mouse-coded stream-of-thought accounts of participants’ actual ongoing high-intensity conflicts for time spent in both promotion and prevention focus. FindingsIn Study 1, the combined framing resulted in greater satisfaction with expected conflict outcomes and goal attainment than did either prevention or promotion framing alone. However, a promotion frame alone was associated with greater process and relationship satisfaction. These results were replicated in Study 2. Originality/valuePrior research on regulatory focus has emphasized the benefits of a promotion focus over prevention when managing conflict. The present research offers new insight into how these seemingly opposing motives can operate in tandem to increase conflict satisfaction. Thus, this research illustrates the value of moving beyond dichotomized motivational distinctions in conflict research, to understand the dynamic interplay of how these distinctions may be navigated in concert for more effective conflict engagement. It also illustrates the value of mouse-coding methods for capturing the dynamic interplay of motives as they rise and fall in salience over time.

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