Linguistic Conventions

2020 ◽  
pp. 21-52
Author(s):  
Jared Warren
Keyword(s):  
Inference Rule ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Inference Rules ◽  
Rule Following ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Social Conventions ◽  
Linguistic Conventions ◽  
The Way

What are linguistic conventions? This chapter begins by noting and setting aside philosophical accounts of social conventions stemming from Lewis’s influential treatment. It then criticizes accounts that see conventions as explicit stipulations. From there the chapter argues that conventions are syntactic rules of inference, arguing that there are scientific reasons to posit these rules as part of our linguistic competence and that we need to include both bilateralist and open-ended inference rules for a full account. The back half of the chapter aims to naturalize inference rule-following by providing functionalist-dispositionalist approaches to our attitudes, inference, and inference-rule–following, addressing Kripkenstein’s arguments and several other concerns along the way.

Church Discipline in the Later Middle Ages: the Priors of Durham as Archdeacons

2004 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 95-105
Author(s):  
Margaret Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Church Discipline ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Church Courts ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Way

It is often forgotten that the medieval Church imposed public penance and reconciliation by law. The discipline was administered by the church courts, among which one of the most important, because it acted at local level, was that of the archdeacon. In the later Middle Ages and certainly by 1435, the priors of Durham were archdeacons in all the churches appropriated to the monastery. The priors had established their rights in Durham County by the early fourteenth century and in Northumberland slightly later. Although the origins of this peculiar jurisdiction were long ago unravelled by Barlow, there is no full account of how it worked in practice. Yet it is not difficult from the Durham archives to elicit a coherent account, with examples, of the way penance and ecclesiastical justice were administered from day to day in the Durham area in this period. The picture that emerges from these documents, though not in itself unusual, is nevertheless valuable and affords an extraordinary degree of detail which is missing from other places, where the evidence no longer exists. This study should complement the recent work by Larry Poos for Lincoln and Wisbech, drawing attention to an institution which would reward further research. It is only possible here to outline what the court did and how and why it was used.

Constructing Familiarity and Managing the Self: Ways of Adapting to Life in Nursing and Residential Homes for Older People

1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Reed ◽  
Valerie Roskell Payton
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
The Self ◽  
Residential Homes ◽  
Social Conventions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Conversation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Life History Methodology ◽  
The Way

AbstractThis paper reports on the analysis of data collected in a study looking at older people moving into nursing and residential homes. Using life history methodology, participants are interviewed before and after arrival at homes in order to determine the process of adapting to their new environment. Initial data analysis indicates that this process requires extensive social activity on the part of the new resident, involving negotiation of complex social conventions. The discussion focuses on two themes which have been identified from the data: constructing familiarity whereby participants use sometimes tenuous knowledge of people and places to make the home seem less strange, and managing the self, whereby familiarity is used as a means of permitting social conversation to take place without leaving residents open to the dangers of being intrusive. These two themes have relevance for the way in which new residents can be introduced to homes, and the way in which the social skills of older people are viewed.

Different modes of describing emotions in Chinese

2002 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 307-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengdao Ye
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Emotional Experiences ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Chinese Perspective ◽  
Linguistic Conventions ◽  
Emotion Talk

This paper examines the different ways in which the body is linguistically codified in the Chinese language of emotions. The three general modes of emotion description under examination are via (a) externally observable (involuntary) bodily changes, (b) sensation, and (c) figurative bodily images. While an attempt is made to introduce a typology of sub-categories within each mode of emotion description, the paper focuses on the meaning of different iconic descriptions through the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM). On one hand, the linguistic evidence, from a Chinese perspective, attests to the emotional universals proposed by Wierzbicka (1999). On the other, it points to cultural diversity in bodily conceptualisation and interpretation in emotional experiences, which are crystallised in linguistic conventions of Chinese emotion talk, including certain syntactic constructions. This paper also demonstrates the importance of examining the language of emotions in emotion studies, and concludes that a full account of emotions must include the examination of the language of emotions.

Kripkenstein and Mathematics as the Language of Nature

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 130-140
Author(s):  
Nour Khairi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Private Language ◽  
Mathematical Operation ◽  
Rule Following ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
Skeptical Paradox ◽  
The Way

This paper addresses the skeptical paradox highlighted in Saul Kripke’s work Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language. The skeptical paradox stands in the way of many attempts to fix meaning in the rule-following of a language. This paper closely assesses the ‘straight solutions’ to this problem with regards to another type of language; mathematics. A conclusion is made that if we cannot sufficiently locate where the meaning lies in a mathematical operation; if we cannot describe how it is that we follow a rule in mathematics, we ought to tread lightly in characterising it as the language of nature.

scholarly journals INDONESIAN EFL TEACHERS’ CONCEPTUALIZATION OF CULTURE IN THE 21ST CENTURY EFL CLASSROOM (Konseptualisasi yang Dimiliki Guru Bahasa Inggris Indonesia Terkait dengan Kultur dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris sebagai Bahasa Asing pada Abad XXI)

SUAR BETANG ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruly Morganna ◽  
Sakut Anshori
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Knowledge Construction ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Learning Culture ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Teaching Principles ◽  
Efl Teachers ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Way ◽  
Efl Learning

In dealing with the 21st century EFL pedagogy where interculturality and multiculturality are promoted to be the crucial aspects of EFL learning, this study is oriented towards investigating Indonesian EFL teachers’ conceptualization of culture in EFL classroom. The conceptualization in this sense is emphasized on their knowledge construction underlying their teaching principles. This study was conducted qualitatively by engaging three Indonesian EFL teachers selected purposively. The data of this study were garnered from open-ended questionnaires and interview. Regarding the teachers’ conceptualization, this study revealed that culture referred to the way of living becoming the framework of language use since language per se referred to a social semiotic, and the framework of learning going on inter and intra-individually. In EFL learning, culture was viewed from its interculturality. Interculturality was supported although two teachers stayed in native-speakerism specifically for linguistic competence. This study is meaningful since it serves a set of contributive knowledge vis-a-vis culture in EFL learning for EFL teachers and curriculum developers. However, this study is still delimited on cultural conception. Further studies are expected to work on the practice of cultural conception to deal with the 21st century EFL learning in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Ecodomy: Taking risks and overstepping boundaries in the Book of Ruth

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-50
Author(s):  
Gerda De Villiers
Keyword(s):  
Social Conventions ◽  
The People ◽  
Creative Initiative ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Way

This chapter examined the concept of ‘Ecodomy’ – life in its fullness – as it unfolds in the Book of Ruth. The book is dated to the post-exilic period in the history of Israel, and is read as narrative critique against the Moabite paragraph in Deuteronomy 23:3–5, and against the way that this text is interpreted and implemented in the Books of Ezra and Nehemiah. Naomi, Ruth and Boaz, the protagonists in the narrative, become paradigmatic of the situation in post-exilic Israel. Their stories, dealing with loss and the actions they take in order to heal the brokenness become indicative for the post-exilic community. As the narrative plot develops, the chapter aims to indicate how ‘life in its emptiness’ is changed into ‘life in its fullness’ by the courage and creative initiative of individuals, even if it meant overstepping boundaries and challenging the social conventions of the time. Against the exclusivist policy of Ezra and Nehemiah, the Book of Ruth argues that foreigners may be included in the community of YHWH and that their solidarity with Israel is to the benefit of all the people. The point that the chapter wishes to make, is that life in its fullness cannot be taken for granted, but requires effort.

scholarly journals Gaussoids are two-antecedental approximations of Gaussian conditional independence structures

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Boege
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Zero ◽  
Conditional Independence ◽  
Inference Rule ◽  
Positive Definite ◽  
Inference Rules ◽  
Identity Matrix ◽  
Ordered Fields ◽  
Finite Set

AbstractThe gaussoid axioms are conditional independence inference rules which characterize regular Gaussian CI structures over a three-element ground set. It is known that no finite set of inference rules completely describes regular Gaussian CI as the ground set grows. In this article we show that the gaussoid axioms logically imply every inference rule of at most two antecedents which is valid for regular Gaussians over any ground set. The proof is accomplished by exhibiting for each inclusion-minimal gaussoid extension of at most two CI statements a regular Gaussian realization. Moreover we prove that all those gaussoids have rational positive-definite realizations inside every ε-ball around the identity matrix. For the proof we introduce the concept of algebraic Gaussians over arbitrary fields and of positive Gaussians over ordered fields and obtain the same two-antecedental completeness of the gaussoid axioms for algebraic and positive Gaussians over all fields of characteristic zero as a byproduct.

Perceiving Language

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Collins
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Cognitive Competence ◽  
Special Design ◽  
As If ◽  
The Way

Charles Travis seeks to forge a concord between Frege, McDowell, and Chomsky. The three thinkers all profoundly reject empiricism in the guise of rejecting of what Travis calls the Martian Principle. The essence of this principle is that thinking (or a cognitive competence) must be universal in not being due to a ‘special design’ a creature might have such that it exercises its competence in the way it does, as opposed to some other conceivable way. Although uncovering the Martian Principle is a genuine insight, Chomsky’s rejection of it is somewhat different from how Travis presents the case. Travis conceives of linguistic competence as if it were a form of seeing, the structure of an externally orientated sensibility. Once this misconception is rectified, a problem emerges for Travis’s way of putting the rejection of empiricism (on McDowell’s behalf).

The Laws of Thought and the Power of Thinking

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 249-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Haase
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Rule Following ◽  
Analytic Tradition ◽  
The Way

Frege taught us to strictly distinguish between the logical and the psychological. This doctrine has deeply influenced the analytic tradition in the philosophy of mind, language and logic. And it was praised, of course, by Wittgenstein, early and late. On closer inspection, however, the way in which Frege frames his anti-psychologism opens a crack in his system that appears in several places. I want to suggest that Wittgenstein's so called ‘rule-following considerations” address this difficulty and are intended to show that the ‘crack’ eventually brings down the whole edifice and with it this way of framing the celebrated distinction between the logical and the psychological. The investigation of how the rule-following paradox arises within Frege sheds, I think, light on the systematic difficulty and brings out the fact that the solutions that have been proposed in the literature don't get to the root of the problem.

Cognitive Theories of Concepts and Wittgenstein's Rule-Following

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
Marco Cruciani ◽  
Francesco Gagliardi
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Prototype Theory ◽  
Rule Following ◽  
First Case ◽  
Cognitive Theories ◽  
Referential Competence ◽  
The Individual ◽  
First Time

In this article, the authors try to answer the following questions: How can an object/instance seen for the first time extend a category or update a concept? How is it possible to determine the reference of a concept that represents a behaviour? In the first case, the authors discuss the learning of inferential linguistic competence used to update a concept through an approach based on prototype theory. In the second case, the authors discuss the learning of referential linguistic competence used to determine the reference of a concept (i.e., determination of an actual behaviour) through an approach based on embodied cognition. The authors show how combining prototype-based and embodied categorization in Wittgenstein's rule-following praxis (the individual and community dimension), linguistic learning of a concept (inferential competence), and determination of its reference (referential competence) can be traced back to the same model.

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