scholarly journals Individuating Part–Whole Relations in the Biological World

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie I. Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Biological Object ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Natural Boundary ◽  
Systematic Account ◽  
Biological Part ◽  
Biological World ◽  
Hard Cases

What are the conditions under which one biological object is a part of another biological object? This chapter answers this question by developing a general, systematic account of biological parthood, specifying two criteria for biological parthood: substantial spatial inclusion requires biological parts to be spatially located inside or in the region that the natural boundary of the biological whole occupies; compositional relevance captures the fact that a biological part engages in a biological process that must make a necessary contribution to a condition that is minimally sufficient to one or more of the characteristic behaviors of the biological whole. Instead of emphasizing their diversity, this chapter asks what biological part–whole relations have in common and what constrains their existence. After presenting her account, the author discusses how far it can cope with hard cases (e.g., redundant parts) and reveals the merits and limits of monism.

Seeking to uncover biology's chemical roots

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Addy Pross
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
The Road ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Systems Chemistry ◽  
Biological World ◽  
Inanimate Matter ◽  
The Origin Of Life ◽  
Opening Up

Despite the considerable advances in molecular biology over the past several decades, the nature of the physical–chemical process by which inanimate matter become transformed into simplest life remains elusive. In this review, we describe recent advances in a relatively new area of chemistry, systems chemistry, which attempts to uncover the physical–chemical principles underlying that remarkable transformation. A significant development has been the discovery that within the space of chemical potentiality there exists a largely unexplored kinetic domain which could be termed dynamic kinetic chemistry. Our analysis suggests that all biological systems and associated sub-systems belong to this distinct domain, thereby facilitating the placement of biological systems within a coherent physical/chemical framework. That discovery offers new insights into the origin of life process, as well as opening the door toward the preparation of active materials able to self-heal, adapt to environmental changes, even communicate, mimicking what transpires routinely in the biological world. The road to simplest proto-life appears to be opening up.

Изучение отклика дегидрогеназной активности ила на изменение технологических параметров работы аэротенка

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Zaletova ◽  
S. Zaletov
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Mode Of Operation ◽  
Concentrated Solution ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Complicated Mechanism

Биологический метод очистки сточных вод представляет собой сложный многокомпонентный процесс, ключевой составляющей которого является работа ферментной системы. Известно, что одним из важнейших ферментов, обеспечивающих биологический процесс, являются дегидрогеназы. Полностью сложнейший механизм действия ферментов до конца пока не раскрыт, однако в практике контроля процессов биологической очистки используется показатель дегидрогеназной активности ила. Результаты исследований позволили дополнить имеющуюся информацию фактическими данными о взаимообусловленности уровня дегидрогеназной активности ила и показателей отдельных технологических параметров биологической очистки. Показано, что режим работы аэротенков (нагрузка на ил, доза активного ила и др.) и величина показателей исходной дегидрогеназной активности и дегидрогеназной активности этого же образца ила со слабо концентрированным раствором (ДАИН2О) связаны между собой и зависят от нагрузки на ил по органическим веществам. Полученные результаты исследования могут быть использованы для контроля биологического процесса очистки сточных вод.The biological method of wastewater treatment is a comprehensive multicomponent process the activities of the enzyme system being the key component of it. It is known that dehydrogenases have been one of the most important enzymes the ensure the biological process. The complicated mechanism of the action of enzymes has not been fully described so far however, in the practice of monitoring biological treatment processes, an indicator of the dehydrogenase activity of sludge is used. The research results provided for supplementing the available information with actual data on the interdependence of the level of dehydrogenase activity of sludge and indicators of individual process parameters of biological treatment. It was shown that the mode of operation of aeration tanks (organic matter load on sludge, dose of activated sludge, etc.) and the values of the initial dehydrogenase activity and dehydrogenase activity of the same sludge sample with weakly concentrated solution (DASН2О) are interconnected and depend on the organic load on sludge. The results of the study can be used to control the biological process of wastewater treatment.The biological method of wastewater treatment is a comprehensive multicomponent process the activities of the enzyme system being the key component of it. It is known that dehydrogenases have been one of the most important enzymes the ensure the biological process. The complicated mechanism of the action of enzymes has not been fully described so far however, in the practice of monitoring biological treatment processes, an indicator of the dehydrogenase activity of sludge is used. The research results provided for supplementing the available information with actual data on the interdependence of the level of dehydrogenase activity of sludge and indicators of individual process parameters of biological treatment. It was shown that the mode of operation of aeration tanks (organic matter load on sludge, dose of activated sludge, etc.) and the values of the initial dehydrogenase activity and dehydrogenase activity of the same sludge sample with weakly concentrated solution (DASН2О) are interconnected and depend on the organic load on sludge. The results of the study can be used to control the biological process of wastewater treatment.

Suivi du fonctionnement d'une station d'epuration associant physico-chimie et biofiltration = Metabief (France)

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 251-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Pujol
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Cold Temperatures ◽  
Biological Sludge ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Sludge Characteristic

The sewage treatment plant of Metabief (East of France) has been monitored during three weeks in winter 1988. The treatment associates a physico-chemical treatment with a biological process of biofiltration. The first step eliminates about 60 % of the organic matter (COD and BOD). The biofliters improve the treatment removing 60 % of COD influent and 65 % of TSS. The process is efficient (N excepted) under conditions of the experiment but nitrification is limited by cold temperatures (< 10°C). Important results related to biological sludge product are presented (sludge characteristic, microscopic data, sludge production). Power consumption of biofliters represents 70 % of the total plant needs. Adequate control of washing cycles and close survey of numerous movable devices are of the utmost importance to guarantee the proper operating of biofliters.

Approach to the Reforms in Nightsoil Treatment Process Introduced Abroad

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 189-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Guo ◽  
R. Z. Chen ◽  
G. Li ◽  
H. Y. Shoichi
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Cost ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
First Year ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Public Toilets

In 1987 Guangzhou Liede Nightsoil Treatment Plant started commissioning. The purpose of the plant is to dispose of 400 tons of nightsoi1 from city public toilets per day. In the first year of the commissioning a biological process was basically used according to the original design made by a Danish company. Practically it has been proved that the design is effective. The process can reduce BOD from 3800 mg/l to about 133 mg/l, or by approximately 96.5 percent. The performance of the sludge digester system is satisfactory. Because the primary investigation on characteristics of the nightsoil was insufficient there were some problems raised during the commissioning. So in the first year the effluent failed to achieve the desired quality. After the analysis of the plant performance some necessary reforms have been carried out. Now the effluent quality can stably meet the national discharge limits and the treatment cost decreases.

Monitoring of environmental effects and process performance during biological treatment of sediment from the petroleum Harbour in Amsterdam

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 395-402
Author(s):  
Guus C. Stefess
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Froth Flotation ◽  
Fine Fraction ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Mineral Oil ◽  
Silt Fraction

A full-scale (470 m3) process for biological treatment of dredging spoil from the Petroleum Harbour in Amsterdam has been monitored during a pilot project. The dredging spoil was heavily polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and mineral oil. The remediation chain involved dredging, transport of dredged spoil, hydrocyclone separation, froth flotation of the coarse particles, and biological treatment of the silt fraction (<20 μm) in stirred bioractors. The independent monitoring was aimed at recording the environmental effects, product quality and performance of the biological process. Hydrocyclone separation (cut point 20 m) resulted in two bulk streams: 65% sand and 30% silt (based on total dry weight of the input). The sand was cleaned and could be reused as building material. PAH and mineral oil were successfully concentrated in the silt fraction (<20 μm), which was treated biologically. Biological treatment during continuous feeding of fine fraction, at a residence time of 8-10 days for the entire bioreactor system, resulted in considerably reduced mineral oil and PAH contents. Furthermore, the leaching of organic contaminants was reduced, as well as the ecotoxicity. The obtained silt product however did not meet the demands, and had to be landfilled. Minor emissions of contaminants were measured in wastewater and offgas. The energy and chemicals consumption were acceptable. The biological process appears to be promising for the treatment of less-severely contaminated dredged material.

Cost-effective upgrading of the Arnsberg WWTP by post denitrification with a moving bed system

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 123-130
Author(s):  
N. Jardin ◽  
L. Rath ◽  
A. Sabin ◽  
F. Schmitt ◽  
D. Thöle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Moving Bed ◽  
Trickling Filters ◽  
Sludge Hydrolysis ◽  
Effective Integration

On the basis of a cost-benefit analysis it was decided to expand the Arnsberg WWTP by a multistage biological process which allows for cost-effective integration of the existing facilities. Carbon removal will then be accomplished in a high-loaded activated sludge stage for which the existing primary clarifier is to be reconstructed. The existing trickling filters will be used for nitrification during a midterm period and will be replaced later on either by a moving bed system or by new trickling filters. Line 3 of the existing secondary clarifiers will be reconstructed and used for post denitrification in a moving bed system. The carbon needed for denitrification will be provided by means of sludge hydrolysis and the use of an external carbon source.

The Formation of Near-Death Experiences

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Schlieter
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Account ◽  
Near Death Experiences

Raymond A. Moody had been introduced to experiences near death by George G. Ritchie. The latter had reported of an experience in which he had encountered Christ. This chapter discusses Moody’s first book of 1975, its motivation and motives, and compares Moody’s description of systematized “near-death experiences” with Johann C. Hampe’s systematic account of the same year, characteristic for the continental discourse on experiences of the dying, which was equally interested in the spiritual significance of the reports.

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