Your Facts or Mine?

2019 ◽  
pp. 73-92
Author(s):  
Morgan Marietta ◽  
David C. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Core Values ◽  
Personal Knowledge ◽  
Detailed Review ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms

Chapter 5 commences Part II of the book, Causes. It reviews the well-demonstrated psychological mechanisms that lead citizens toward perceiving only a specific set of facts, all the while believing in their sophisticated and unbiased appraisal. A constellation of reinforcing mechanisms adds up to citizens projecting their priors onto their perceptions. The chapter provides a detailed review of the psychological foundations of fact perceptions. It begins by describing the power of personal knowledge (highlighting the notorious “dress controversy” of 2015) and continues to discuss the contributions of cognitive psychology, social psychology, the theory of motivated reasoning, and the perspective that “reasoning is for arguing.” It concludes that all of these literatures point to a powerful role for core values as shapers of reality perceptions, noting the lack of empirical studies that directly test that hypothesis.

The Psychology of Fact Perceptions II

2019 ◽  
pp. 93-106
Author(s):  
Morgan Marietta ◽  
David C. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Core Values ◽  
Personal Knowledge ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Social Conformity ◽  
Consensus View

Competing core values are one of the strongest influences on fact perceptions. The combined mechanisms of personal knowledge, selective cognitions, social conformity, and motivated reasoning discussed in the previous chapter all contribute to the projection of preferred values onto perceived facts. The consensus view seems to be that values are standing judgments of better or worse priorities or, in more psychological terms, trans-situational evaluative predispositions. In common language, they are deep understandings of what is right and wrong. Chapter 6 argues that value projection is likely to be a major source of dueling fact perceptions, reviewing the expanse of psychological and political scholarship that demonstrates the power of values as drivers of beliefs and perceptions.

scholarly journals Current Approach to the Study of Status Relations in Student Groups within the Framework of the School of Thought of the Department of Social Psychology at MSUPE

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.Ye. Sachkova
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Current Approach ◽  
Moscow Oblast ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Emotional Climate ◽  
Student Groups ◽  
Middle Status

The paper presents results of the verification of a new approach to the study of status relationships through the position of a middle status group member — the approach developed within the framework of A.V. Petrovsky’s theory of activity-mediated interpersonal relationships in groups and M.Yu. Kondratyev’s school of thought at the Department of Social Psychology (MSUPE). A series of empirical studies were carried out in educational organizations of various types in Moscow and Moscow oblast, with more than 1200 students participating as subjects. The paper reveals how the character of intragroup interactions, well-being and emotional climate, as well as the level of social psychological development in the group in general, are shaped by the system of relationships between the middle status students with their groupmates. The paper concludes with some considerations on the specifics of the role that the middle status student plays in his group’s activity and outlines further perspectives of the presented social psychological approach to the study of status relationships.

scholarly journals Preprint of "Response Surface Analysis in Personality and Social Psychology: Checklist and Clarifications for the Case of Congruence Hypotheses"

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Humberg ◽  
Steffen Nestler ◽  
Mitja Back
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Surface Analysis ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Response Surface Analysis ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Congruence Effect ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Psychological Constructs

Response Surface Analysis (RSA) enables researchers to test complex psychological effects, for example, whether the congruence of two psychological constructs is associated with higher values in an outcome variable. RSA is increasingly applied in the personality and social psychological literature, but the validity of published results has been challenged by some persistent oversimplifications and misconceptions. Here, we describe the mathematical fundamentals required to interpret RSA results, and we provide a checklist for correctly identifying congruence effects. We clarify two prominent fallacies by showing that the test of a single RSA parameter cannot indicate a congruence effect, and when there is a congruence effect, RSA cannot indicate whether a predictor mismatch in one direction (e.g., overestimation of one’s intelligence) is better or worse than a mismatch in the other direction (underestimation). We hope that this contribution will further enhance the validity and strength of empirical studies that apply this powerful approach.Humberg, S., Nestler, S., & Back, M. D. (2019). Response Surface Analysis in Personality and Social Psychology: Checklist and Clarifications for the Case of Congruence Hypotheses. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 10(3), 409–419. doi:10.1177/1948550618757600The journal version of this article can be found at: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1948550618757600

Interface Design, Emotions, and Multimedia Learning

2011 ◽  
pp. 79-91
Author(s):  
Chaoyan Dong
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Learning Environments ◽  
Interface Design ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Multimedia Learning ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Learning Research ◽  
Physically Attractive

In social psychology, “what is attractive is good” means that a physically attractive person is perceived to be more favorable and capable. In industrial design, the interface is one of the three elements that influence users’ experience with a product. For multimedia learning, does the interface design affect users’ experience with learning environments? Does attractive interface enhance multimedia learning? Research in multimedia learning has been neglecting this issue. In this chapter, I propose that attractive interface design does indeed promote multimedia learning. This hypothesis is based on the review of the following theories and related empirical studies: 1) an interface impacts a user’s experience; 2) beautiful interface induces positive emotions; 3) positive emotions broaden cognitive resources; and 4) expanded cognitive resources promote learning. The Model of Emotional Design in Multimedia Learning is proposed to highlight how emotions regulate multimedia learning. Suggestions regarding designing attractive interfaces are provided.

Nationalism

2021 ◽  
pp. 197-220
Author(s):  
Nils Holtug
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
National Identity ◽  
Social Identity ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Identity Theory ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Causal Mechanism

Chapter 7, on nationalism, addresses the so-called ‘national identity argument’, according to which a shared national identity fosters social cohesion and is required for, or at least facilitates, egalitarian redistribution. First, it is argued that the prospect for nation-building policies, built on the idea of a shared national culture, is severely restricted by the liberal egalitarian requirements of justice defended in Chapter 4. Then the causal mechanism through which a national culture is supposed to promote trust and solidarity is scrutinized, and it is argued that it is not really supported by, for example, social identity theory and evidence from social psychology. Finally, empirical studies of the effect of national identity on trust and solidarity are considered, and it is argued that these do not support the national identity argument either.

Toward an Agenda for Error Research

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 640-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neville Moray
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Great Increase ◽  
Restricted Area ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
The Individual ◽  
And Control

There has been a great increase in interest in human error and its impact on the individual and society in recent years. The present symposium is but one example of this in a restricted area. Several general accounts of human error and the psychological mechanisms which underlie it have appeared in recent years, but for the most part these have concentrated on accounts of error based on research on the cognitive psychology of the individual. In this paper I discuss a more general framework for the stidy of error, not for the purpose of understanding it alone, but rather for putting into place a program for muitigating its effect in the larger arena of social impact. Only by integrating research at a variety of levels and using a variety of techniques can we hope to understand and control the effects of error.

Informational and Communicational Explanations of Corporations as Interaction Systems

2005 ◽  
pp. 139-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Varey
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Core Values ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
Sociological Analysis ◽  
Focus Attention ◽  
Complex Dynamic ◽  
Interactive Communication ◽  
The Social ◽  
Interaction Interaction

Whilst many proponents of “interactive communication” and “social interaction” do not see the concept as problematic, they focus attention on practices. I choose to re-examine both “interaction” and “communication,” and to relate these concepts to the concepts of society and organisation/corporation1. The concept of “interaction” is examined, and social interaction is considered as exchange. The patterning of social interaction in markets, bureaucracies, solidarity groupings, and co-operative collectives, and their respective core values are considered. The “organization” is explained as a complex dynamic interaction system. An alternative sociological analysis of the social is compared with that of the social psychology tradition. Communication is discussed as a mode of interaction, to reveal monologic and dialogic conceptions of communication. Conclusions are raised around the themes of “interactive communication,” IT, and dialogue and appreciation in a society constituted by interaction. Interaction, it is concluded, requires presence, whereas ICT allows absence.

Behavioral and Social Sciences

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adefolake Akinsanya
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Social Psychology ◽  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Psychoanalytic Theory ◽  
Behavioral Psychology ◽  
Ethnicity And Race

In this chapter topics on psychology including experimental and behavioral psychology, neuropsychology, cognitive psychology and social psychology will be reviewed. Additionally, essential topics in sociology including anthropology, culture, ethnicity and race will be reviewed. Other topics that will be reviewed in this chapter include ethology, psychoanalytic theory and spirituality

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