Justice and the Excluded, Part 2

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-66
Author(s):  
Michael Blake
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Association ◽  
The Right

This chapter engages with arguments provided in defense of a state’s right to exclude. It considers four such arguments. Two of these begin with the consideration of human goods and how they are distributed; arguments from the distribution of territory, and the importance of solidarity, are engaged with here. Two other arguments begin with rights and how these rights might serve to ground the right to exclude. The rights discussed here are the right to property and the right of freedom of association. All of these methods, I argue, have some power, but none places the moral emphasis where it ought to be in the consideration of the right to exclude.

Is There a Right to Free Movement across Borders?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Song
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Free Movement ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Freedom Of Association ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Right ◽  
Logical Extension

Chapter 6 examines three rights-based arguments for freedom of movement across borders. Three rights-based arguments have been offered in support of freedom of international movement. The first claims that freedom of movement is a fundamental human right in itself. The second adopts a “cantilever” strategy, arguing that freedom of international movement is a logical extension of existing fundamental rights, including the right of domestic free movement and the right to exit one’s country. The third argument is libertarian: international free movement is necessary to respect individual freedom of association and contract. This chapter shows why these arguments fail to justify a general right to free movement across the globe. What is morally required is not a general right of international free movement but an approach that privileges those whose basic human rights are at stake.

FREE EXPRESSION OR EQUAL SPEECH?

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-169
Author(s):  
Teresa M. Bejan
Keyword(s):  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Free Expression ◽  
Freedom Of Association ◽  
Classical Liberal ◽  
Freedom Of Thought ◽  
The Right ◽  
Equal Right ◽  
To Receive ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractThe classical liberal doctrine of free expression asserts the priority of speech as an extension of the freedom of thought. Yet its critics argue that freedom of expression, itself, demands the suppression of the so-called “silencing speech” of racists, sexists, and so on, as a threat to the equal expressive rights of others. This essay argues that the claim to free expression must be distinguished from claims to equal speech. The former asserts an equal right to express one’s thoughts without interference; the latter the right to address others, and to receive a hearing and consideration from them, in turn. I explore the theory of equal speech in light of the ancient Athenian practice of isegoria and argue that the equality demanded is not distributive but relational: an equal speaker’s voice should be counted as “on a par” with others. This ideal better captures critics’ concerns about silencing speech than do their appeals to free expression. Insofar as epistemic and status-harms provide grounds for the suppression and exclusion of some speech and speakers, the ideal of equal speech is more closely connected with the freedom of association than of thought. Noticing this draws attention to the continuing—and potentially problematic—importance of exclusion in constituting effective sites of equal speech today.

Does the Aggravated Sentencing Regime under the Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998 Violate Freedom of Association? A Constitutional and Comparative Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-305
Author(s):  
Delano Cole van der Linde
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Organised Crime ◽  
Gang Member ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Freedom Of Association ◽  
Criminal Organisation ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Right

In terms of section 10(3) of the Prevention of Organised Crime Act 121 of 1998 (“POCA”), a court may impose an aggravated sentence on a criminal offender if the offender was a gang member at the time of the commission of a crime. The court is entitled to apply section 10(3) to the sentencing of any common-law or statutory offence, save for the gang-related offences in Chapter 4 of POCA. As aggravated punishment is attached directly to a person’s status as a gang member, one must question whether such aggravated punishment does not violate the right to freedom of association in section 18 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. Section 18 is an unqualified right and subject only to the limitations clause under section 36 of the Constitution. The purpose of this contribution is to investigate whether the associational freedom guaranteed by the Constitution may be limited in light of considerations under international law (such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the European Convention on the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms) as well as foreign law (specifically the United States and Germany). The consensus is, broadly speaking, that persons are nondeserving of associational protection where the conduct connected to such an association is criminal in nature. Increased criminal consequences are justifiable where a person’s unlawful conduct is also connected to their status and activity as a member of a criminal organisation. However, increased criminal consequences based merely on a person’s membership of a criminal organisation, as is the case in terms of section 10(3) of POCA, is considered arbitrary and irrational. The conclusion is that section 10(3) of POCA should be amended so that it applies only to crimes that are related to a convicted person’s gang-related activities.

scholarly journals Crónica de jurisprudencia laboral internacional. Julio / diciembre 2016 = Chronicle of international labor jurisprudence. July / december 2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 593
Author(s):  
Ángel Arias Domínguez
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Professional Services ◽  
Public Employment ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Freedom Of Association ◽  
International Protection ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
Civil Execution ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

desproporcionado del precepto penal que castiga las coacciones de los piquetes informativos termina con una serie de recomendaciones al Gobierno para que informe al Comité sobre el devenir de los procedimientos penales todavía abiertos, interesándose, particularmente, por determinadas procedimientos que terminaron con condenas penales.El Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión ha dictado seis resoluciones que afectan a España en el período de referencia, sobre los siguientes temas: discriminación de los funcionarios interinos para acceder a complementos económicos solamente destinados para funcionarios de carrera; efectos jurídicos de la reiteración de contratos de duración determinada; calificación de la prestación de servicios de duración determinada; calificación jurídica de relación de servicios profesionales de duración determinada y abono de indemnización por extinción del vínculo contractual; discriminación por razón de edad para el acceso al empleo público (policía); y despido disciplinario en situación de incapacidad temporal de larga duración.En el ámbito del TEDH tres resoluciones han sido relevantes. Una referida a la incorrecta ejecución civil de un bien de los dos ex–esposos por deudas contraídas con la Tesorería General de la Seguridad Social; otra relativa a la incorrecta ejecución de una movilidad de funcionarios, con graves perjuicios para uno de ellos, y una tercera referida a la denegación de una solicitud de asilo basada en ser perseguida la solicitante en su país de origen por su condición sexual.Palabras clave: reprensión penal del derecho de huelga y protección internacional del derecho a la libertad sindical, imposibilidad de acceso del funcionario interino a complementos económicos típicos del funcionario, reiteración fraudulenta de contratos de duración determinada, calificación de la prestación de servicios de duración determinada para diversas administraciones públicas, relación laboral de duración determinada y abono de indemnización por extinción del contrato, discriminación por razón de edad para el acceso al empleo público (policía), despido en situación de incapacidad temporal de larga duración, ejecución de un bien por deudas contraídas con la Seguridad Social, traslado de funcionarios y derecho a renunciar al solicitado y no concedido definitivamente, solicitud de asilo basada en su condición sexual.Abstract: The complaint to the Committee on Freedom of Association regarding the disproportionate use of the penal provision which punishes the coercion of information piques ends with a series of recommendations to the Government to inform the Committee on the evolution of criminal proceedings still open, For certain procedures that ended with criminal convictions.The Court of Justice of the Union has issued six resolutions affecting Spain in the reference period, on the following subjects: discrimination against temporary staff to access economic supplements only for career officials; Legal effects of the repetition of fixed-term contracts; Qualification of the provision of fixed-term services; Legal qualification of relation of professional services of determined duration and payment of indemnification by extinction of the contractual link; Discrimination on grounds of age for access to public employment (police); And disciplinary dismissal in situations of long-term incapacity.Within the scope of the ECHR, three rulings have been relevant. One related to the incorrect civil execution of a property of the two ex-spouses for debts contracted with the General Treasury of the Social Security; One relating to the incorrect execution of a mobility of civil servants with serious detriment to one of them and a third relating to the refusal of an application for asylum based on the applicant being persecuted in his country of origin for his sexuality.Keywords: criminal rebuke of the right to strike and international protection of the right to freedom of association, impossibility of access of the temporary official to economic complements typical of the official, fraudulent repetition of fixed-term contracts, qualification of the provision of services of determined duration for diverse public administrations, fixed-term employment relationship and payment of compensation for termination of the contract, discrimination on grounds of age for access to public employment (police), dismissal in situation of temporary incapacity of long duration, execution of a good for debts contracted with Social Security, transfer of officials and right to waive the requested and not granted definitively, application for asylum based on your sexual status.

scholarly journals Russian Federation: Opinion of the Venice Commission No.1014/2020 dated on 6 July 2021 on the Compatibility with international human rights standards of a series of Bills introduced to the Russian State Duma between 10 and 23 November 2020, to amend laws affecting “foreign agents”

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 122-154
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Public Affairs ◽  
Freedom Of Association ◽  
Cumulative Impact ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Legislative Amendments ◽  
Venice Commission ◽  
The Right ◽  
Human Rights Standards

In the adopted at the 127th plenary session Opinion Venice Commission analyzed the objectives and rationale for the legislative amendments to the laws affecting “foreign agents”; expanding the range of individuals and legal entities that can be designated as “foreign agents”; expansion of administrative requirements and restrictions for “foreign agents”; expansion of sanctions for violation of these requirements and restrictions. The Commission concluded that the adoption of these amendments constitutes a serious violation of fundamental human rights, including freedom of association and expression, the right to privacy, the right to participate in public affairs, and the principle of non-discrimination and expressed especial concern about the cumulative impact of the latest amendments on organizations, individuals, the media and civil society in general.

Fundamental freedoms

2021 ◽  
pp. 191-262
Author(s):  
William A. Schabas
Keyword(s):  
Family Life ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Minority Rights ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Political Democracy ◽  
Freedom Of Association ◽  
Fundamental Freedoms ◽  
Family Mobility ◽  
The Right

Fundamental freedoms is an allusion to Roosevelt’s ‘four freedoms’, although they now tend to be associated with those that fall under civil and political rights: freedom of expression, freedom of religion, freedom of peaceful assembly, and freedom of association. They have a degree of relativity, being subject to restrictions or limitations dictated by certain criteria including public morals and the rights of others. They have important links to political democracy, the rights of labour and trade unions, and minority rights. Other rights that may be labelled ‘fundamental freedoms’ are the right to private and family life, the right to marry and to found a family, mobility rights, nationality and the right to property.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Kevin Vallier
Keyword(s):  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Political Trust ◽  
Political Polarization ◽  
Negative Feedback Loop ◽  
Welfare Programs ◽  
Freedom Of Association ◽  
Social Welfare Programs ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So

Based on recent research, there is probably a negative feedback loop between falling social and political trust and rising political polarization, which this book calls the distrust-divergence hypothesis. The goal of the book, as outlined in the introduction, is to show how liberal institutions can interrupt the feedback loop through policies that increase trust, and that do so in the right way. They do so by recognizing and protecting a range of basic rights that give rise to trust-generating institutions and practices, such as freedom of association, markets, social welfare programs, and democratic governance. Liberal institutions can thereby increase trust, and reduce the destructive aspects of political polarization as a result.

The Secularized State

2020 ◽  
pp. 220-236
Author(s):  
Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde ◽  
Mirjam Künkler ◽  
Tine Stein
Keyword(s):  
Religious Freedom ◽  
Religious Faith ◽  
The State ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Freedom Of Association ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
Federal Constitutional ◽  
Freedom Of Belief ◽  
The Right

In this article Böckenförde contrasts his concept of open encompassing neutrality (found in most Scandinavian countries and in Germany) with that of distancing neutrality, as practised in France. While the latter champions negative religious freedom, open encompassing neutrality aims for a balancing of negative and positive religious freedom. Religious freedom for Böckenförde is multidimensional and includes the right to have (or not) a religious faith (freedom of belief), to affirm (or not) this faith privately and openly (freedom to profess), to exercise (or not) one’s religion publicly (freedom of worship), and to join together (or not) in religious communities (religious freedom of association). The correlate to these individual and group rights is the open and overarching principle of the state’s neutrality towards religion and other worldviews, entailing a prohibition on the state justifying law on religious grounds. Furthermore, it requires the state not to privilege religion over non-religion and one religious faith over another. Siding with the ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court (at a time when he was not a sitting judge), Böckenförde underlines that even religious communities who reject the democratic state have the right to be recognized and legally protected. What matters is not whether communities accept or reject the state, but whether they obey or violate its laws. This was the court’s view on the Jehovah’s Witnesses, and it must also be applied, Böckenförde writes, to religious fundamentalists who do not accept the secular order, as long as they do not violate any laws.

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