Shakespeare and Virtual Reality

Teaching Shakespeare through performance has a long history, and active methods of teaching and learning are a logical complement to the teaching of performance. Virtual reality ought to be the logical extension of such active learning, providing an unrivalled immersive experience of performance that overcomes historical and geographical boundaries. But what are the key advantages and disadvantages of virtual reality, especially as it pertains to Shakespeare? And more interestingly, what can Shakespeare do for VR (rather than vice versa)? This Element, the first on its topic, explores the ways that virtual reality can be used in the classroom and the ways that it might radically change how students experience and think about Shakespeare in performance.

Nonterritorial Autonomy in Northern Eurasia: Rooted or Alien?

The article examines the ideas and arrangements referred to as nonterritorial autonomy (NTA) in the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and the post-Soviet states. Many scholars regard NTA as a theoretical breakthrough and as a way to drastically rearrange diversity policies. The author seeks to clarify whether NTA had been a groundbreaking innovation and an area of political contestations. Two short periods of NTA-related initiatives after 1917 and in the late 1980s–1990s may look like attempts (albeit ineffective) to replace the earlier forms of diversity governance. The author shows that the ideas of group societal separateness, differential treatment of individuals, group agency, and cohesiveness, as well as a group’s running of its internal affairs, were present in varying degrees in imperial, Soviet, and post-Soviet governments’ thoughts and practices. Academia and civil society were also appropriating and developing these views, and group self-rule on a nonterritorial basis was their logical extension. However, the practical implementation was, in most cases, on a top-down basis, and group agency and self-rule were affirmed mostly rhetorically. The continuity of discourses and practices demonstrates that NTA was an integral part of “normal” and broad ethnopolitical developments across the major historic divides in Northern Eurasia.

REVIEW OF REGULATIONS GOVERNING SWITCHING DRUGS FROM RX TO OVER-THE-COUNTER IN THE USA, INDIA, AND EU

Rx to over-the-counter (OTC) switch is a data-driven, scientifically rigorous, and highly regulated process that allows consumers to have OTC access to a growing range of medicines. Patients often approach a pharmacist instead of a Healthcare Professional for minor illnesses such as fever, aches, nausea, allergies, cough, and cold. Switches are a logical extension for life-cycle management of a product to defense originator company from Generic competitors. The driving factors required for switching are self-diagnosis, self-medication, and self-administration. On increasing of Rx to OTC switching relatively rules and regulations governing are also improving. Label instructions have to be simple and easily understandable by ordinary people by preventing medication errors and drug abuse. Labeling must include indications, warnings, and directions for use especially since they are administered without medical guidance. Adding a graphic description on the label may be useful to patients, mostly illiterate individuals (e.g., Drug Facts Labeling). The advertisement may also influence patients’ decisions on the selection of OTC products. Medicine advertisements should be closely monitored to ensure that they are truthful and are not misleading or unfair. In this respect, it is recommended that advertisements reflect the information that is contained in the product information leaflet, which, in turn, should be unbiased, evidence-based, and presented in a clear, understandable, and easily readable way. This article elaborates on regulatory requirements, challenges, and marketing aspects of Rx to OTC Switching medicinal products.

A Limit on Logic

One of the problems with logic is that it cannot be self-refuting–if it is, it is not logical. This make logic its own sacred cow. It likewise makes the expression “By logical extension” irrelevant or at least suspect in a curved universe. One may extend logic, but even after one step, its use is dubious at best.

On serial killers: the collective's search for understanding

I will begin by examining the term serial itself and its importance in the notion of the serial killer. What does the term serial say? It draws on series - a term often used in reference to novels, films and, quite literally, the television series. Series carries notions of multiple segments that are all linked in some way. There is an ongoing nature to the series - when one segment ends, another begins. The series creates anticipation, anxiety of what is to come and a hope for closure. As "serial killer" is a relatively new term it becomes possible to trace its inception and examine what is being revealed in this naming process. I then go to illustrate how this term serial is what sets serial killing apart from other forms of multiple murder (such as mass murder, spree killing, terrorism and assassination). I will explore the features of the serial killer that appear to make it unique to the collective by developing the language of the accounts of understanding the serial killer: the profiling account, the study of numbers, facts and statistics as a way to apprehend and comprehend the serial killer; the logical extension of society account, where the serial killer is a reflection of society from concerns with the individual to celebrity and consumerism; and the serial killer account, where the serial killer explains his own motivations. In looking at these accounts it becomes possible to see the cliches that are used to discuss the serial killer and how these reveal thoughts and fears of the collective, rather than providing the insight on the serial killer that the accounts are seeking.

On serial killers: the collective's search for understanding

I will begin by examining the term serial itself and its importance in the notion of the serial killer. What does the term serial say? It draws on series - a term often used in reference to novels, films and, quite literally, the television series. Series carries notions of multiple segments that are all linked in some way. There is an ongoing nature to the series - when one segment ends, another begins. The series creates anticipation, anxiety of what is to come and a hope for closure. As "serial killer" is a relatively new term it becomes possible to trace its inception and examine what is being revealed in this naming process. I then go to illustrate how this term serial is what sets serial killing apart from other forms of multiple murder (such as mass murder, spree killing, terrorism and assassination). I will explore the features of the serial killer that appear to make it unique to the collective by developing the language of the accounts of understanding the serial killer: the profiling account, the study of numbers, facts and statistics as a way to apprehend and comprehend the serial killer; the logical extension of society account, where the serial killer is a reflection of society from concerns with the individual to celebrity and consumerism; and the serial killer account, where the serial killer explains his own motivations. In looking at these accounts it becomes possible to see the cliches that are used to discuss the serial killer and how these reveal thoughts and fears of the collective, rather than providing the insight on the serial killer that the accounts are seeking.

‘Great angels’ in Antrim: Hugh Shearman, theosophist perceptions, and Ulster unionist public relations

This article argues that the career and writings of the Ulster unionist propagandist and man of letters Hugh Shearman (1915–99) were influenced by his commitment to theosophy, which he saw as a logical extension of Protestant belief in private judgement. His work as a publicist echoed theosophist preoccupation with illusion and the perceptions accessible to initiates. Many of his writings displayed theosophist in-jokes, esoteric references and mental reservations. His apologias reflected theosophist belief in the breaking down of personality compartmentalisation in order to merge with the world-soul. Shearman saw the Irish republic as the ‘Pakistan of the West’, represented by him as embodying self-destructive insularity shaped by Catholic authoritarianism. In response to the 1940s anti-partition campaign, Shearman developed an apologia for the Stormont government as an essentially progressive technocracy, which he saw as culminating in the regime of Terence O'Neill. This article uses previously unexplored writings to track Shearman's life and career into the 1990s, when he is shown to have combined a view of the Irish question formed in the 1940s with a semi-conspiratorial unionist narrative of British betrayal.

Expansion and Adaptation

The following two chapters show how crucial elements of the educational reforms developed above all by Comenius and propagated by Hartlib and his associates emerged out of common roots in the post-Ramist pedagogical traditions of central Europe. The goal of pansophia—expressed by Comenius as ‘Omnes, Omnia, Omnino’, that is, to teach all things to all human beings thoroughly and completely, by all available means—is the ultimate logical extension of the basic aim of Ramus and the tradition deriving from him: to provide a broader education to a wider segment of the population as quickly, easily, and inexpensively as possible (section 7.i). The means proposed to achieve these goals were also very similar: namely, to produce readily digestible compendia governed by Ramus’ three laws of method (section 7.ii). No less important for Comenius’ pedagogical programme were the praecognita, systemata, and gymnasia which structured Keckermann’s textbooks, together with the lexica added by Alsted. Even the most ‘Baconian’ of Comenius’ textbooks, the famous Orbis sensualium pictus (1658), emerged from a lengthy discussion amongst Hartlib’s friends undertaken in terms far more reminiscent of Keckermann and Alsted than of Bacon himself (section 7.iii).

Introduction

In 1996 Colin Gray asked ‘where is the theory of space power? Where is the Mahan for the final frontier?’1 This book answers that question by presenting propositions of spacepower and a strategic analogy of Earth orbit as a cosmic coastline. This book’s spacepower theory shows how to think more constructively and critically about the use of space systems in warfare – satellites, their infrastructure, methods of attacking them, and their influence on modern warfare and strategy. Spacepower theory helps to answer questions like ‘will a war begin or be decided in space?’, ‘how do satellites change the way war is conducted on Earth?’ and ‘what difference can space warfare make on Earth?’ Engaging with these questions has never been so important, as the use and deployment of satellites and space infrastructure – or spacepower – have become essential for modern military and economic power. It underpins and shapes a global web of connectivity and information-based economies. It provides new methods of political–economic development and control for continent-sized states. Space warfare is a realistic prospect because space technologies are at the heart of military weapon systems, intelligence, logistics and economics, and the tools for harassing or disabling satellites are spreading. In short, spacepower and the spectre of space warfare cannot be ignored in international relations (IR) and modern strategy. Spacepower represents a logical extension of the concept of power – however defined – in IR and it ‘consists of capabilities designed to control, deny, exploit, and regulate the use of space’....