Epilogue

2019 ◽  
pp. 357-360
Author(s):  
György Buzsáki
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Le Corbusier ◽  
Scientific Journals ◽  
Primary Reason ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms ◽  
Attentive Reader ◽  
Inside Out ◽  
Conceptual Confusion

The outside is always an inside. —LE CORBUSIER1 It’s what’s inside that counts. —CUBESMART (SUBWAY AD) All enquiry and all learning is but recollection. —SOCRATES IN PLATO’S MENO 1. Le Corbusier (1923). I did not aim to write a perfect book—just a story good enough that the reader can understand my views and challenge them. My goal was not so much to convince but to expose the problems and highlight my offered solutions. Perfection and precise solutions will have to wait for numerous experiments to be performed and reported in detail in scientific journals. I analyzed how an undefined and unagreed-upon terminology, which we inherited from our pre-neuroscience ancestors and never questioned, has become a roadblock to progress. The neuronal mechanisms of invented terms with ill-defined content are hard to discover. Such conceptual confusion is perhaps the primary reason why “my scientist” could not explain to me my pig friend’s cognitive abilities (see the Preface). This message is especially important today, when newly invented terms are again popping up like mushrooms after a rain. I do not insist that my inside-out framework is right or the only way to go, but I hope I presented enough evidence in this book to convince the attentive reader that the outside-in strategy has reached its limits in neuroscience research....

The value and importance of mindfulness for the highly to profoundly gifted child

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie S Tolan
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Summer Camp ◽  
Gifted Children ◽  
Gifted Child ◽  
Inner Experience ◽  
Public Elementary School ◽  
Inside Out

This article discusses giftedness from the inside out, focusing on what the differences mean to the gifted child’s experience of life—the effects both their intensity and their cognitive abilities have on their inner experience and awareness. Mindfulness is especially valuable and important for the profoundly gifted child. Two programs that use mindfulness techniques (Yunasa, a summer camp for highly gifted children, and the Holistic Life program in a public elementary school in Baltimore) are discussed. Mindfulness helps to bring all the pieces of gifted children into contact and congruity with each other and helps to make them more whole.

scholarly journals The increase of writing skill ability of the specific functional officials through learning method innovation: case study in Bangka Belitung Islands province

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
Endan Suwandana
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Human Resources Development ◽  
Scientific Journals ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Class Average ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Quantitative Descriptive ◽  
Simple Statistical Analysis

Abstract: This study aims to examine whether the Reverse Thinking method can improve the ability of trainees in writing papers published in scientific journals. The Reverse Thinking Method is a paper writing method that starts not from writing the introduction, but starts from processing the data. This study was conducted using a quantitative descriptive approach with the help of simple statistical analysis. The object of the study was 40 training participants of the scientific papers (KTI) writing, consisting of certain functional officials in the Provincial Government of the Bangka Belitung Islands. The training was held at the Regional Human Resources Development Agency (BPSDMD) in the Province of Bangka Belitung Province in March 2019. Evaluations were carried out on cognitive, affective and practical aspects. Data collection from the respondents was done using Google Form Questionnaires. The results showed that the Reverse Thinking method was very effective in improving the ability of writing papers, because 90% of trainees successfully submitted their papers to scientific journals on the last day of the training. The cognitive abilities of the participants also increased from the class average of 54.61 to 75.76. Motivation of participants also increased as indicated by the value of 8-10, from a Likert scale of 1-10. Peningkatan kemampuan pejabat fungsional tertentu  dalam menulis paper melalui inovasi metode pembelajaran: studi kasus provinsi Kepulauan Bangka belitungAbstrak: Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji apakah metode Berpikir Terbalik mampu meningkatkan kemampuan peserta pelatihan dalam menulis makalah (paper) yang diterbitkan pada jurnal ilmiah. Metode Berpikir Terbalik adalah metode penulisan paper yang dimulai bukan dari menyusun pendahuluan, melainkan dimulai dari mengolah data. Kajian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif dengan bantuan analisis statistik sederhana. Objek penelitian adalah 40 orang peserta pelatihan penulisan karya tulis ilmiah (KTI) yang terdiri dari para pejabat fungsional tertentu di lingkungan Pemerintah Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung. Pelatihan diselenggarakan di Badan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia Daerah (BPSDMD) Provinsi Kepulauan Bangka Belitung pada Bulan Maret 2019. Evaluasi dilakukan terhadap aspek kognitif, afektif dan praktis. Pengumpulan data dari responden dilakukan dengan menggunakan angket Google Form. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode Berpikir Terbalik sangat efektif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan dalam menulis paper, karena 90% peserta pelatihan berhasil mengirimkan naskah paper ke jurnal ilmiah pada hari terakhir pelatihan. Kemampuan kognitif peserta pun meningkat dari rata-rata kelas 54,61 menjadi 75,76. Motivasi peserta pun meningkat yang ditunjukkan dengan nilai 8–10, dari skala Likert 1–10. 

scholarly journals Persistent Activity during Working Memory from Front to Back

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton E Curtis ◽  
Thomas C Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Persistent Activity ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Early Visual Cortex ◽  
High Level

Working memory (WM) extends the duration over which information is available for processing. Given its importance in supporting a wide-array of high level cognitive abilities, uncovering the neural mechanisms that underlie WM has been a primary goal of neuroscience research over the past century. Here, we critically review what we consider the two major arcs of inquiry, with a specific focus on findings that were theoretically transformative. For the first arc, we briefly review classic studies that led to the canonical WM theory that cast the prefrontal cortex (PFC) as a central player utilizing persistent activity of neurons as a mechanism for memory storage. We then consider recent challenges to the theory regarding the role of persistent neural activity. The second arc, which evolved over the last decade, stemmed from sophisticated computational neuroimaging approaches enabling researchers to decode the contents of WM from the patterns of neural activity in many parts of the brain including early visual cortex. We summarize key findings from these studies, their implications for WM theory, and finally the challenges these findings pose. A comprehensive theory of WM will require a unification of these two arcs of research.

scholarly journals Interplay between culture and biology in human

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatik Baran Mandal
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
Cultural Behavior ◽  
Generational Transmission ◽  
Neuronal Mechanisms

Neurobiology, hormone, behavior, environment and epigenetics bring out modifications in human culture. People are genetically different from their sensitivity to cultural behavior or cultural norms. Genetic variation interacts with social- and ecological -factors and influences psycho- cultural differences. The environment via hormonal and neuronal mechanisms influences the genes. At least 129 genes are subject to recent rapid selection and their inferred cultural selection pressures. Social, - cultural¬, and environmental factors are placed with genetic factors on an equal footing as carriers of information in human development. Social learning behaviors, culture, and language are media for trans-generational transmission of information. Brain organizations after maturation are partially yet remarkably re-modeled due to cultural practices. The high social competition caused evolution of large brains and distinct cognitive abilities in our species. Social learning influences the acquisition of norms of culture and behavioral patterns. Culture determines our behavior. We have changed our culture in many ways. Although a number of theories exist on biology -culture interplay, but the complex interaction between culture and biology is yet to be fully understood for addressing issues like sustainability.This communication presents the interplay between human culture, environment and biology in light of modern understanding and shows that biological evolution and cultural evolution are intertwined in our species.

scholarly journals Persistent Activity During Working Memory From Front to Back

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton E. Curtis ◽  
Thomas C. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Persistent Activity ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Early Visual Cortex ◽  
High Level

Working memory (WM) extends the duration over which information is available for processing. Given its importance in supporting a wide-array of high level cognitive abilities, uncovering the neural mechanisms that underlie WM has been a primary goal of neuroscience research over the past century. Here, we critically review what we consider the two major “arcs” of inquiry, with a specific focus on findings that were theoretically transformative. For the first arc, we briefly review classic studies that led to the canonical WM theory that cast the prefrontal cortex (PFC) as a central player utilizing persistent activity of neurons as a mechanism for memory storage. We then consider recent challenges to the theory regarding the role of persistent neural activity. The second arc, which evolved over the last decade, stemmed from sophisticated computational neuroimaging approaches enabling researchers to decode the contents of WM from the patterns of neural activity in many parts of the brain including early visual cortex. We summarize key findings from these studies, their implications for WM theory, and finally the challenges these findings pose. Our goal in doing so is to identify barriers to developing a comprehensive theory of WM that will require a unification of these two “arcs” of research.

scholarly journals INNOVATION OF TRAINING DESIGN TO INCREASE WRITING SKILL OF SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES FOR PARTICULAR FUNCTIONAL CIVIL SERVANTS THROUGH THE “REVERSE THINKING” METHOD

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 828
Author(s):  
Endan Suwandana
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Quantitative Approach ◽  
Scientific Journals ◽  
Training Center ◽  
Training Design ◽  
Writing Skill ◽  
Post Test ◽  
And Training

This study aims at creating, implementing dan examining a training design innovation, whether or not it can improve the ability of the trainees. The study was carried out using descriptive-quantitative approach. This study has successfully created a training design called the Reverse Thinking (RT) method. That training design was then applied to the Article Writing Training at the Education and Training Center of the Central Statistics Bureau, attended by widyaiswara and statisticians with a total of 95 participants divided into two batches. The RT method has proven to be very effective in improving the ability of trainees to write scientific articles, both in terms of cognitive, affective, and psychomotoric (practical) aspects. Some indicators were that almost 100% of the trainees successfully submitted their papers to scientific journals on the last day of the training, evenmore 28 articles finally being published. The cognitive abilities of the participants also improved, indicated by the increase of the post-test scores.  In the affective aspect, all participants have stated that their motivation in writing articles increased, as shown by the concentrated value between 7 and 10, from the 1 – 10 Likert Scale. Those results proved that the RT method could effectively improve competence of the training participants, both teoritically and practically.

Refining our understanding of the “elephant in the room”

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Whiten
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Technological Culture

Abstract The authors do the field of cultural evolution a service by exploring the role of non-social cognition in human cumulative technological culture, truly neglected in comparison with socio-cognitive abilities frequently assumed to be the primary drivers. Some specifics of their delineation of the critical factors are problematic, however. I highlight recent chimpanzee–human comparative findings that should help refine such analyses.

Psychosocial Risks and Management for Children and Adolescents With 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Canice E. Crerand ◽  
Ari N. Rabkin
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
22Q11.2 Deletion Syndrome ◽  
Deletion Syndrome ◽  
22Q11.2 Deletion ◽  
Psychosocial Risks ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Specific Education

Purpose This article reviews the psychosocial risks associated with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, a relatively common genetic condition associated with a range of physical and psychiatric problems. Risks associated with developmental stages from infancy through adolescence and early adulthood are described, including developmental, learning, and intellectual disabilities as well as psychiatric disorders including anxiety, mood, and psychotic disorders. Other risks related to coping with health problems and related treatments are also detailed for both affected individuals and their families. Conclusion The article ends with strategies for addressing psychosocial risks including provision of condition-specific education, enhancement of social support, routine assessment of cognitive abilities, regular mental health screening, and referrals for empirically supported psychiatric and psychological treatments.

A Case Study: Unique Challenges of an Adolescent Female With Autism Spectrum Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 314-325
Author(s):  
Kimberly F. Frazier ◽  
Jessica Collier ◽  
Rachel Glade
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Adolescent Female ◽  
Social Thinking

Background The aim of this study was to determine the clinical efficacy of combining self-management strategies and a social thinking approach to address the social performance and executive function of an adolescent female with autism spectrum disorder. Method This research examined the effects of a social knowledge training program, “Think Social,” as well as strategies to improve higher order cognitive abilities. Results and Conclusion Although quantitative improvement was not found, several qualitative gains in behavior were noted for the participants of this study, suggesting a benefit from using structured environmental cues of self-management strategies, as well as improved social understanding through social cognitive training.

Clinical Decision-Making for Stroke and Aphasia in the Older Adult

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Hinckley
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Cognitive Profile ◽  
Focal Lesion ◽  
Cognitive Profiles ◽  
Supportive Communication ◽  
Spaced Retrieval

Abstract A patient with aphasia that is uncomplicated by other cognitive abilities will usually show a primary impairment of language. The frequency of additional cognitive impairments associated with cerebrovascular disease, multiple (silent or diagnosed) infarcts, or dementia increases with age and can complicate a single focal lesion that produces aphasia. The typical cognitive profiles of vascular dementia or dementia due to cerebrovascular disease may differ from the cognitive profile of patients with Alzheimer's dementia. In order to complete effective treatment selection, clinicians must know the cognitive profile of the patient and choose treatments accordingly. When attention, memory, and executive function are relatively preserved, strategy-based and conversation-based interventions provide the best choices to target personally relevant communication abilities. Examples of treatments in this category include PACE and Response Elaboration Training. When patients with aphasia have co-occurring episodic memory or executive function impairments, treatments that rely less on these abilities should be selected. Examples of treatments that fit these selection criteria include spaced retrieval and errorless learning. Finally, training caregivers in the use of supportive communication strategies is helpful to patients with aphasia, with or without additional cognitive complications.

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