In the Beginning

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-33
Author(s):  
Henry Erlich
Keyword(s):  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Individual Identification ◽  
Genetic Profile ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Match Probability ◽  
Hla Dq ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
In The Beginning

Chapter 1 reviews the history of DNA analysis for individual identification in criminal cases. The principles underlying Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and their application in the first cases in the US and the UK in the mid-‘80s are discussed. The differences between these two DNA technologies (RFLP and PCR) are discussed and the evolution of new PCR-based genotyping methods for analyzing length and sequence polymorphisms is reviewed. The first DNA exoneration, which used the PCR-based HLA-DQ alpha test, is discussed in the context of exclusionary and inclusionary DNA results. The statistical issues involved in interpreting a match (inclusion) between the genetic profile of the evidence and the reference samples by calculating the Random Match Probability metric is discussed. Finally, the contentious history of the debate about the admissibility of DNA results in the courtroom, known as the “DNA Wars” is reviewed.

scholarly journals Forensic Molecular-Genetic Analysis of Objects of Biological Origin – a New Direction of Forensic Activity of the Russian Ministry of Justice

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-18
Author(s):  
S. A. Smirnova ◽  
G. G. Omel’yanyuk ◽  
I. V. Storozhenko ◽  
A. A. Rybakova ◽  
V. V. Gulevskaya
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Molecular Genetic Analysis ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Forensic Dna Analysis ◽  
Forensic Institutions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Plant Biomaterials

The article addresses the importance and basic preconditions for the forming a new direction of forensic activity in the system of forensic institutions of the Russian Ministry of Justice a new direction of forensic activity - molecular-genetic analysis of the objects of biological origin. The authors present the advantages of DNA analysis - one of the most modern and efficient methods in investigating criminal cases. The article also demonstrates the potential of different methods of DNA-analysis for forensic investigations. The history of forensic DNA-analysis development in Russia and its features when examining the human, animal, and plant biomaterials are briefly discussed. The authors propose the definitions for the molecular-genetic examinations’ object and subject, formulate the model tasks, and suggest a list of sample questions for this study.

scholarly journals El ADN reescribe nuestra memoria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Aler Gay ◽  
Ángel Carracedo Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Physical Appearance ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Genetic Identity ◽  
Genetic Profile ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Mass Grave ◽  
Technological Advances

Continuous advances in DNA analysis for forensic purposes have set milestones in the search for genetic identity in criminal cases, disasters, and disappearances. Technological advances in the study of our genome allow us to infer who was the owner of remains found, for example, in a mass grave or an anonymous tomb: where they lived, their physical appearance, or their family origin. The analysis of DNA of forensic interest manages, thanks to a series of fixed variations between individuals, to identify them individually via their genetic profile. This identification can be carried out by comparing the profile of the human remains with known profiles or by their compatibility with the DNA inherited by their relatives.

Responding to Wrongful Convictions

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Carolyn Hoyle ◽  
Mai Sato
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Wrongful Convictions ◽  
Criminal Conviction ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk

This chapter provides a background on the Criminal Cases Review Commission of England and Wales, first by tracing its origins and remit and then comparing its post-conviction review procedures with those of other jurisdictions. It was the Criminal Appeal Act 1907, which established the Court of Criminal Appeal, that introduced the first system of regular appeals against criminal conviction in England and Wales. The Court of Criminal Appeal was the forerunner of today's Court (Criminal Division), created in 1966. Since the Commission started work in 1997, it has received thousands of applications relating to wrongful convictions and/or sentences. After discussing the history of the Criminal Cases Review Commission in the UK, the chapter considers post-conviction review in other parts of the world, focusing on Scotland, Norway, North Carolina, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

A history of fundraising in the UK

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth Breeze
Keyword(s):  
For Profit ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Origin Myth ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 1 reviews the historical roots and development of fundraising in the UK, highlighting important milestones and key issues that have emerged over time and that remain contentious today. Noting that asking is as old as giving, the standard origin myth of fundraising - which states that fundraising began in the US in the late 19th/early 20th century - is rejected as a-historical, overly-reliant on a ‘Great men’ explanation, and relevant only for explaining how for-profit consultancy came into being in specific countries. An alternative approach to charting the history of fundraising, focused on purpose and impact rather than people and processes, is illustrated with ten examples of the outcomes of fundraising over the centuries.

Cultural Diplomacy

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis G. Martínez del Campo
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Cultural Relations ◽  
Spanish Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Spanish Language Education

In this book, I explore the history of the British-Spanish Society, which played a key role in the cultural relations between Spain and the UK during the 20th Century. I argue that this association is an early example of those cultural institutions involved in foreign policy. Although its aims were usually political and economic, its strategies were based on the advocacy of cultural understanding between Britons and Spaniards. In fact, the British-Spanish Society’ biggest achievement was its important contribution to the development of the Spanish language education in the UK in the 20th Century. In the beginning, the association was basically a British soft power tool, but it also served the Spanish diplomatic strategy after the World War II. This book offers the first overview of its history, paying special attention to both its role in British-Spanish relations, and its contribution to Spanish language education in the UK.

The Film World’s Cooperative Store: Institutions and Films of the 1930s and 1940s

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Public Information ◽  
Early History ◽  
World War ◽  
International Context ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

This chapter traces the early history of state-sponsored informational filmmaking in Denmark, emphasising its organisation as a ‘cooperative’ of organisations and government agencies. After an account of the establishment and early development of the agency Dansk Kulturfilm in the 1930s, the chapter considers two of its earliest productions, both process films documenting the manufacture of bricks and meat products. The broader context of documentary in Denmark is fleshed out with an account of the production and reception of Poul Henningsen’s seminal film Danmark (1935), and the international context is accounted for with an overview of the development of state-supported filmmaking in the UK, Italy and Germany. Developments in the funding and output of Dansk Kulturfilm up to World War II are outlined, followed by an account of the impact of the German Occupation of Denmark on domestic informational film. The establishment of the Danish Government Film Committee or Ministeriernes Filmudvalg kick-started aprofessionalisation of state-sponsored filmmaking, and two wartime public information films are briefly analysed as examples of its early output. The chapter concludes with an account of the relations between the Danish Resistance and an emerging generation of documentarists.

From the History of the Public Library in the Village Tagai of Simbirsk District in Simbirsk Province

2010 ◽  
pp. 102-106
Author(s):  
Valentina M. Patutkina
Keyword(s):  
Public Library ◽  
Library History ◽  
The Public ◽  
Ulyanovsk Region ◽  
History Of ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Village

The article is dedicated to unknown page in the library history of Ulyanovsk region. The author writes about the role of Trusteeship on people temperance in opening of libraries. The history of public library organized in the beginning of XX century in the Tagai village of Simbirsk district in Simbirsk province is renewed.

The Theological Dialogue Between the Orthodox and the Non-Chalcedonians (Past - Present - Future): An Athonite Critique. Part 1: Prologue. Introduction, ch. 1, nn. 1-3

2019 ◽  
pp. 109-144
Author(s):  
Михаил Андреевич Вишняк
Keyword(s):  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Modern Greek ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church

Вниманию русскоязычного читателя предлагается первая часть перевода с новогреческого на русский язык книги Ὁ Θεολογικός Διάλογος Ὀρθοδόξων καί Ἀντιχαλκηδονίων (παρελθόν - παρόν - μέλλον): Μία ἁγιορειτική συμβολή. Ἅγιον Ὄρος: Ἱερά Μονή Ὁσίου Γρηγορίου, 2018 (841 σ.). Это издание посвящено богословскому диалогу между Православной Церковью и антихалкидонитами и включает в себя все тексты соответствующей тематики, составленные на Святой Горе Афон в период 1991-2015 гг. Настоящая публикация включает перевод предисловия архим. Христофора, игумена монастыря Григориат, и части введения (гл. 1, пп. 1-3). Перевод снабжён также предисловием переводчика, в котором кратко изложена история богословского диалога, цель издания и его перевода на русский язык, которая заключается в содействии плодотворному и согласному со Священным Преданием воссоединению антихалкидонитов с Церковью. The Russian-speaking reader is presented with the first part of the translation into Russian from the modern Greek of the book Ὁ Θεολογικός Διάλογος Ὀρθοδόξων καί Ἀντιχαλκηδονίων (παρελθόν - παρόν - μέλλον): Μία ἁγιορειτική συμβολή. Ἅγιον Ὄρος: Ἱερά Μονή Ὁσίου Γρηγορίου, 2018 (841 p.). This edition is devoted to the Theological Dialogue between the Orthodox Church and the non-Chalcedonians and includes all texts of the relevant topics, published on the Holy Mount Athos in the period 1991-2015. This publication includes a translation of the Prologue of archim. Christophoros, the abbot of the monastery of St. Gregory, and of a part of the Introduction (Chapter 1, paragraphs 1-3). The translation is also provided with a preface of the translator, which summarizes the history of the Theological Dialogue, the purpose of the publication and its translation into Russian, which is to contribute to the fruitful and consistent with the Holy Tradition reunification of the non-Chalcedonians with the Church.

Perfection Makes Practice

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 98-100
Author(s):  
Muhamad Ali
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
Psychological Dimension ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Complex Dimensions ◽  
History Of Religions ◽  
History Of

Studies of Islam in Southeast Asia have sought to better understand its multifacetedand complex dimensions, although one may make a generalizedcategorization of Muslim beliefs and practices based on a fundamental differencein ideologies and strategies, such as cultural and political Islam.Anna M. Gade’s Perfection Makes Practice stresses the cultural aspect ofIndonesian Muslim practices by analyzing the practices of reciting andmemorizing the Qur’an, as well as the annual competition.Muslim engagement with the Qur’an has tended to emphasize the cognitiveover the psychological dimension. Perfection Makes Practice analyzesthe role of emotion in these undertakings through a combination ofapproaches, particularly the history of religions, ethnography, psychology,and anthropology. By investigating Qur’anic practitioners in Makassar,South Sulawesi, during the 1990s, Gade argues that the perfection of theQur’an as a perceived, learned, and performed text has made and remade thepractitioners, as well as other members of the Muslim community, to renewor increase their engagement with the holy text. In this process, she suggests,moods and motivation are crucial to preserving the recited Qur’an and revitalizingthe Muslim community.In chapter 1, Gade begins with a theoretical consideration for her casestudy. Drawing from concepts that emphasize the importance of feeling andemotion in ritual and religious experience, she develops a conceptualizationof this engagement. In chapter 2, Gade explains memorization within thecontext of the self and social relations. She argues that Qur’anic memorizershave a special relationship with its style and structure, as well as with thesocial milieu. Although Qur’anic memorization is a normal practice for mostMuslims, its practitioners have learned how to memorize and recite beautifullysome or all of the Qur’an’s verses, a process that requires emotion ...

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