A Brief History of Indigenous Religious Authority in Mexico, 1519–1900

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-25
Author(s):  
Elisa Eastwood Pulido
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Leadership Skills ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Religious Authority ◽  
Indigenous Identity ◽  
Catholic Clergy ◽  
Spiritual Authority ◽  
History Of ◽  
Spiritual Voice

This brief history of indigenous spiritual authority in Mexico begins in 1513 with the arrival of the Spaniards and includes the argument that the conquest of Mexico resulted in the loss of indigenous spiritual authority through the defrocking of the Aztec priests and four centuries of indigenous exclusion from the Catholic clergy. The chapter contextualizes the search for indigenous identity and spiritual voice by recounting native responses to religious subjugation, including Indian rebellions, native prophets, bloody conflicts, and combinative religious practices through the nineteenth century. The arrival of Protestant and Mormon missionaries after the Civil War offered indigenous Mexican converts new avenues to ordination, education, and the development of leadership skills.

Beyond Abstraction: Marx and the Critique of the Critique of Religion

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Toscano
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Religious Authority ◽  
The Real ◽  
Social Existence ◽  
Spiritual Authority ◽  
Mike Davis ◽  
Critique Of Religion

AbstractThis article reconsiders Marx’s thinking on religion in light of current preoccupations with the encroachment of religious practices and beliefs into political life. It argues that Marx formulates a critique of the anticlerical and Enlightenment-critique of religion, in which he subsumes the secular repudiation of spiritual authority and religious transcendence into a broader analysis of the ‘real abstractions’ that dominate our social existence. The tools forged by Marx in his engagement with critiques of religious authority allow him to discern the ‘religious’ and ‘transcendent’ dimension of state and capital, and may contribute to a contemporary investigation into the links between capitalism as a religion of everyday life and what Mike Davis has called the current ‘reenchantment of catastrophic modernity’.

Civil War, Foreign Intervention, and The Question of Political Legitimacy: a Nineteenth-Century Saʿūdī Qāḍī's Dilemma

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Foreign Intervention ◽  
History Of

The Sa⊂ūdī Civil War, which developed after the death of the Imām Faiṣal at al-Riyāḍ in A.H. 1282/A.D. 1865, and which was largely responsible for the debilitation and ultimate demise of the Second Sa⊂ūdī State, has received relatively little attention from either Sa⊂ūdī or Western historians. In neglecting this period, modern Sa⊂ūdī scholars may have been influenced by the consideration which led Wahhābī chroniclers of an earlier generation to provide only cursory treatment of the Civil War in their accounts of Najdī history; the decade between the Imām Faiṣal's death and the resolution of the conflict in 1293/1876, characterised as it was by persistent fraternal rivalry and displays unprincipled political opportunism, does not represent a particularly creditable episode in the history of the āl Sa⊂ūd.

The Thiers Government and the Outbreak of Civil War in France, February–April 1871

1980 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 813-831
Author(s):  
Robert Tombs
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Passion Play ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government

In the numerous works devoted to the French civil war of 1871, nothing has so much been taken for granted as the motives of the government during the six weeks that separated its taking office on 19 February and the outbreak of fighting on 2 April. Thiers and his colleagues are part of the myth of the Commune, the scribes and pharisees of the revolutionary passion play. They fill the roles well: there are few figures so unprepossessing in the history of nineteenth-century France.

A Biography of a Person and a Book

2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Shulamit S. Magnus
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Jewish Society ◽  
Jewish Experience ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Power

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Pauline Wengeroff and her Memoirs of a Grandmother: Scenes from the Cultural History of the Jews of Russia in the Nineteenth Century. Wengeroff's two volumes are extraordinary on many grounds. As their full title proclaims, she writes the history of an era in Jewish experience, coupling her story and that of her family with that of Russian Jewry in the time of its transition from tradition to modernity. In Memoirs, Wengeroff gives a rich depiction of traditional Jewish society in Russia with a particular focus on the religious practices and piety of women. She tells a dramatic tale of the dissolution of traditionalism in this society from the perspective of women, marriage, and families. Indeed, she argues for the cultural power of women, though not as a feminist. Focusing on Wengeroff's adolescent and adult life, this book traces how Memoirs of a Grandmother came to be in the form in which it is found.

Inventing American Exceptionalism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amalia D. Kessler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
American Exceptionalism ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
The United States ◽  
Access To Justice ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law

It is widely accepted that American procedure—and indeed American legal culture as a whole—are adversarial (and distinctively so). Yet, precisely because this assumption is so deep-rooted, we have no history of how American adversarialism arose. This book provides such a history. It shows that the United States long employed not only lawyer-empowering adversarial procedure, but also various forms of more judge-dependent, quasi-inquisitorial procedure—including the equity tradition borrowed from England and, to a lesser extent, conciliation courts transplanted from continental Europe. However, the United States largely abandoned quasi-inquisitorial procedure by the close of the Civil War and Reconstruction, committing itself to lawyer-driven adversarialism. In explaining this turn to the adversarial, the book looks to developments both internal and external to the law. Among the key internalist factors on which the book focuses are the rise of the previously unknown category of “procedure”, as well as a set of seemingly small changes in the approach to taking testimony before equity-court officials known as masters in chancery, which ended up having unintended systemic consequences. So, too, from a more externalist perspective, the book traces how advocacy of adversarialism became intimately linked with demands for a largely unregulated market and the preservation of white supremacy. The product of deep-rooted inheritances, as well as more immediate and contingent occurrences, the nineteenth-century embrace of adversarsarialism would prove deeply consequential, shaping Americans’ experience of the law down to the present, often in ways that constrain rather than expand access to justice.

Shrines, Medicines, and the Strength of the Head: the Way of the Warrior Among the Diola of Senegambia

Numen ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Baum
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Spiritual Support ◽  
Normal Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Normal Life Span ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Way

AbstractThe history of warfare has long be associated with a variety of religious practices designed to lessen the likelihood of death and enhance the possibility of victory. Warriors enter a world where the expectation of a normal life span is challenged by the death of comrades and where martial skill cannot ensure survival. This paper examines the way in which the Diola of Senegambia used religious practices and ideas to lessen the uncertainty of war during the eighteenth and nineteenth century. Diola warriors sought the assistance of spirit shrines to lessen the uncertainties and dangers of war. There are strong parallels between the types of ritual employed by Diola warriors and Diola wrestlers, who share a common mission of eliminating risks. These parallels are discussed briefly before a detailed examination of Diola rituals related to war, the types of ritual prophylaxis utilized by warriors, and the types of Diola (as well as Christian and Muslim) medicines used for spiritual protection. Several specific war shrines are described as well as the means by which they were created. Finally, the article discusses the "strength of the head", special powers that enable warriors to protect themselves from harm, evade capture, and even transform themselves into certain types of animals. The article concludes with an analysis of the impact of colonial wars, with their greater firepower and more far-reaching consequences, on the connections between religion and the Diola way of the warrior. A central part of the spiritual crisis accompanying the colonial conquest, not only for the Diola but for many other African peoples, was the defeat of the religious structures that provided spiritual support for the way of the warrior.

scholarly journals Ruling Passions: Political Economy in Nineteenth-Century America

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. John
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Early Republic ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Policy History ◽  
Nineteenth Century America ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Policy ◽  
Civil War Era ◽  
Governmental Institutions

In recent years, theJournal of Policy Historyhas emerged as a major venue for scholarship on American policy history in the period after 1900. Indeed, it is for this reason that it is often praised as the leading outlet for scholarship on American political history in the world. Only occasionally, however, has it featured essays on the early republic, the Civil War, or the post-Civil War era. And when it has, the essays have often focused on partisan electioneering rather than on governmental institutions. The rationale for this special issue of theJournal of Policy Historyis to expand the intellectual agenda of policy history backward in time so as to embrace more fully the history of governmental institutions in the period before 1900. The six essays that follow contain much that will be new even for specialists in nineteenth-century American policy history, yet they are written in a style that is intended to be accessible to college undergraduates and historians unfamiliar with the period.

Combat at the Keys: Women and Battle Pieces for the Piano during the American Civil War

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Reception History ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
War Effort ◽  
History Of ◽  
Female Composer ◽  
Battle Of Gettysburg

During the American Civil War, women in the parlor imagined life at the front through music, playing pieces and singing songs on topics related to the conflict. Among the genres that they performed were battle pieces for the piano, episodic works that depict incidents of battle and their outcome in victory. These pieces constituted a genre that had long been a favorite of female amateur performers, their lineage beginning with Frantisek Kotzwara's 1788 Battle of Prague, which remained steadily popular throughout the nineteenth century. This article examines Civil War battle pieces by tracing their roots to Kotzwara's famous piece. By constructing a reception history of that work as it appears in nineteenth-century literary sources, the article retrieves some alternatives to the abundant satirical readings of the Battle of Prague in period fiction. It suggests that Civil War battle music played several important roles in the lives of its players. The music invited women to imagine and embody the conflicts on the battlefield, to challenge society's expectations of women as both pianists and as contributors to the war effort in public capacities, and to reflect on the costs of the war. The article goes on to examine a battle piece by a female composer and to consider amateur women's performances of battle repertoire during the war years. Finally, drawing inspiration from the accounts in fiction of Kotzwara's Battle of Prague, it concludes by imagining a woman's performance of a battle piece on the heels of the Battle of Gettysburg.

scholarly journals Office of the general governor of Turkestan and its activity in historiography

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 155-157
Author(s):  
Hujayorova Sadokat
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
National Liberation ◽  
Governing Body ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Colonial Order ◽  
The Russian Empire

This article describes the period of the invasion of the Russian Empire, one of the darkest and most dangerous periods in the history of Turkestan, and the historiography of its governing regimes, methods of administration and state institutions and their activities. By the nineteenth century, the khanates, weakened by civil war, could not withstand the onslaught of the Russian Empire. This was because they were hostile to each other. After the Russian Empire conquered Turkestan, it established its own colonial order. The goal was to keep Turkestan under its chains for a long time and to suppress the feelings of national liberation. To this end, he introduced his own administrative style, including the governor's office, which was the main governing body. This small research paper describes the policy of the Russian Empire towards these goals and its coverage in historiography.

Claiming the Property of History in Octavia Butler’s Kindred and Natasha Trethewey’s Native Guard

2020 ◽  
pp. 154-190
Author(s):  
Sarah Gilbreath Ford
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Time Travel ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Postmodern Novel ◽  
Union Soldiers ◽  
Poetry Collection

This chapter examines Octavia Butler’s Kindred (1979), a postmodern novel involving a woman from 1976 traveling back through time to the nineteenth-century world of slavery, and Natasha Trethewey’s Native Guard (2006), a poetry collection focusing on the death of Trethewey’s mother and the forgotten history of black Union soldiers stationed at Ship Island, Mississippi, during the Civil War. Both texts show the haunting caused by the conflation of people with property, and both reverse the direction of this haunting to show the present haunting the past. This chapter argues that these narratives not only reveal that slavery haunts us; they expose how we haunt slavery. Through the haunting backwards allowed by time travel, the authors claim the property of history, a claim that rewrites the paradigm of power in slavery.

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