Working the machinery

2021 ◽  
pp. 132-155
Author(s):  
Jens Steffek
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Regional Integration ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
Human Welfare ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
United Nations System ◽  
American Political Scientist ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The 19Th Century

This chapter explores how technocratic internationalism found new fields of application in international development and regional integration. During the 1950s and 1960s, a new generation of international organizations began to work on the socio-economic tasks that functionalists had recommended for international action. With the expansion of the United Nations system of organization, global governance took a markedly technocratic but also a welfarist turn. In this explicit orientation towards human welfare and concrete projects, they differed from the technical standard setting organizations active since the 19th century. The concept of socio-economic development was congenial to functionalists since its promise of progress is linked to the technocratic belief in technical solutions. Functionalism also became a textbook doctrine for European integration, with the European Coal and Steel Community of 1951 as a direct product of functionalist thinking. This chapter also discusses the professionalization of political science in the 1950s and 1960s, where scholars began to perceive Mitrany’s ideas as ‘reformist ideology’ rather than as a serious theory of international organization. To remedy these defects, American political scientist Ernst Haas re-formulated it as ‘neo-functionalism’. Although ostensibly an empirical-analytical approach eschewing normative commitments, neo-functionalism remained committed to the ideal of rationalized governance.

Prophets of international technocracy

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-60
Author(s):  
Jens Steffek
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
International Governance ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
German Philosopher ◽  
Public Unions ◽  
American Political Scientist ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Administrative Tasks

This chapter is focused on the emergence of technocratic internationalism. The first section shows how praise for rational public administration developed in philosophy. It discusses Henri de Saint-Simon’s ideas about the virtues of expert government; the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill; and how German philosopher Georg Friedrich Wilhelm Hegel idealized Prussia’s efficient bureaucracy. From these philosophical foundations, the chapter proceeds to the professionalization of public administration that in the 19th century took place in all industrialized countries and some of their colonies. The trend spilled over to the international level in the form of the ‘international public unions’, expert bodies with administrative tasks which ignited the imagination of technocratically inclined visionaries. Having sketched the historical context, the second part of the chapter presents the first programmatic proposals for bureaucratic international governance. They were tabled in the 1880s, when international lawyers moved from an analysis of these public unions to a programmatic vision of international relations managed by these bodies. The discussion zooms in on the Russian law scholar Pierre Kazansky and the American political scientist Paul S. Reinsch, whose respective works offer clear examples of how colonialism influenced early thinking about international organizations.

Epidemics and History: Multiple Approaches to the Subject

2021 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Mikhel
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Medical Knowledge ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Medical Texts ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The 19Th Century

The problems of epidemics have increasingly attracted the attention of researchers in recent years. The history of epidemics has its own historiography, which dates to the physician Hippocrates and the historian Thucydides. Up to the 19th century, historians followed their ideas, but due to the progress in medical knowledge that began at that time, they almost lost interest in the problems of epidemics. In the early 20th century, due to the development of microbiology and epidemiology, a new form of the historiography of epidemics emerged: the natural history of diseases which was developed by microbiologists. At the same time, medical history was reborn, and its representatives saw their task as proving to physicians the usefulness of studying ancient medical texts. Among the representatives of the new generation of medical historians, authors who contributed to the development of the historiography of epidemics eventually emerged. By the end of the 20th century, they included many physician-enthusiasts. Since the 1970s, influenced by many factors, more and more professional historians, for whom the history of epidemics is an integral part of the history of society. The last quarter-century has also seen rapid growth in popular historiography of epidemics, made possible by the activation of various humanities researchers and journalists trying to make the history of epidemics more lively and emotional. A great influence on the spread of new approaches to the study of the history of epidemics is now being exerted by the media, focusing public attention on the new threats to human civilization in the form of modern epidemics.

scholarly journals The Study of Religious Customs and Traditions of the Nanai in Russian Science (Pre-Revolutionary Context) and the Experience of Their Systematization in the Literary Ethnography of Venedikt Mart

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-147
Author(s):  
Kseniya A. Zemlyanskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Far East ◽  
Far East ◽  
Literary Form ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
Close Study ◽  
Wedding Ceremony ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the 19th – early 20th centuries, the Nanai were one of the largest Tungus-Manchu peoples of the Russian Far East. A close study of their traditions and customs began in the middle of the 19th century, when numerous ethnographic expeditions of researchers (L.I. Shrenk, R.K. Maak, K.I. Maksimovich) were sent to the Amur. First of all, the researchers were interested in the material culture of the Nanai, the issues of religion were touched upon in the mainstream of ethnographic research. In the last quarter of the 19th century, the attention of researchers was directed to the description of Nanai rites of passage (D. Kropotkin, P.P. Shimkevich). Scientific expeditions of the early 20th century were aimed at describing the spiritual culture of the Nanai and its reflection in material culture (I.A. Lopatin, L.Ya. Sternberg). The description of the religious beliefs of the Nanai was recorded as a result of the missionary activities of Blagoveshchensk and Vladivostok dioceses. In 1932, the former Far East writer Venedikt Mart published the story “Dere – the Water Wedding”, where he accumulates and systematizes the accumulated knowledge about the Nanai people in literary form, introducing certain elements of fiction. Despite the fact that Venedikt Mart writes about the denial of religious customs and traditions by the new generation of Nanai, nevertheless, the story itself is, in fact, clearly fixed at its core by the content of the wedding ceremony

scholarly journals Allosteric Modulators of G Protein-Coupled Dopamine and Serotonin Receptors: A New Class of Atypical Antipsychotics

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 388
Author(s):  
Irene Fasciani ◽  
Francesco Petragnano ◽  
Gabriella Aloisi ◽  
Francesco Marampon ◽  
Marco Carli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serotonin Receptors ◽  
Atypical Antipsychotics ◽  
Binding Pocket ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Psychiatric Disease ◽  
Allosteric Modulators ◽  
New Class ◽  
Dopamine And Serotonin Receptors ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The 19Th Century

Schizophrenia was first described by Emil Krapelin in the 19th century as one of the major mental illnesses causing disability worldwide. Since the introduction of chlorpromazine in 1952, strategies aimed at modifying the activity of dopamine receptors have played a major role for the treatment of schizophrenia. The introduction of atypical antipsychotics with clozapine broadened the range of potential targets for the treatment of this psychiatric disease, as they also modify the activity of the serotoninergic receptors. Interestingly, all marketed drugs for schizophrenia bind to the orthosteric binding pocket of the receptor as competitive antagonists or partial agonists. In recent years, a strong effort to develop allosteric modulators as potential therapeutic agents for schizophrenia was made, mainly for the several advantages in their use. In particular, the allosteric binding sites are topographically distinct from the orthosteric pockets, and thus drugs targeting these sites have a higher degree of receptor subunit specificity. Moreover, “pure” allosteric modulators maintain the temporal and spatial fidelity of native orthosteric ligand. Furthermore, allosteric modulators have a “ceiling effect”, and their modulatory effect is saturated above certain concentrations. In this review, we summarize the progresses made in the identification of allosteric drugs for dopamine and serotonin receptors, which could lead to a new generation of atypical antipsychotics with a better profile, especially in terms of reduced side effects.

Colonialism with benefits? Singaporean peoplehood and colonial contradiction

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 632-644
Author(s):  
Philip Holden
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Subject Formation ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Individual Subject ◽  
Recent Immigrants ◽  
American Political Scientist ◽  
The Relationship

Most of the research presented in this special issue questions the notion of a singular Singaporean story, and yet this narrative persists as a form of Gramscian common sense for most Singaporeans, whether young or old, and also for recent immigrants and international commentators. To understand the reasons for this persistence, I turn to American political scientist Rogers M. Smith's concept of narratives of peoplehood, and in particular his notion of ethically constitutive stories that are central to individual subject formation. The role of the colonial past in such stories of Singapore is contradictory, in that the relationship between colonialism and the nation-state is seen simultaneously in terms of rupture and continuity, and this conceals a further contradiction in terms of the relationship between individual and the collective. In exploring these contradictions, and in tracing reparative possibilities for new stories of peoplehood, I will, in conclusion, turn to recent literary narratives, and in particular recent historical speculative fiction that revisions the colonial past.

THE INFLUENCE OF GERMAN STATE-THEORY ON THE DESIGN OF THE AUSTRALIAN CONSTITUTION

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 669-699
Author(s):  
Nicholas Aroney
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
State Theory ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
German State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intellectual Context ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
American Political Scientist ◽  
The Way

AbstractThis article draws attention to an important but neglected story about the dissemination of German and Swiss state-theories among English-speaking scholars in the second half of the 19th century and the influence of these ideas on those who designed and drafted the Australian Constitution. In particular, the article focuses upon the theories of federalism developed by the Swiss-born scholar, Johann Caspar Bluntschli, and the Saxon-born Georg Jellinek, and explains their influence, via the British historian, Edward A Freeman, and the American political scientist, John W Burgess, upon the framers of the Australian Constitution. The story is important because it illustrates the way in which constitutional ideas can be transmitted from one social and political context into a very different one, undergoing significant, though often subtle, modifications and adaptations in the process. The story is also important because it sheds light on the way in which the framers of the Australian Constitution came to conceive of the kind of federal system that they wished to see created. The story seems to have been overlooked, however, not only due to a general neglect of the intellectual history of the Australian Constitution, but also due to the assumption that prevailing Australian political and legal ideas were of Anglo-American provenance. While this assumption generally holds true, a closer examination of the intellectual context of Australian federalism reveals a surprisingly significant German influence on the framers of the Australian Constitution.

Ludwig Noiré and the Debate on Language Origins in the 19th Century

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-71
Author(s):  
Jacopo D’Alonzo
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Language Origins ◽  
German Philosopher ◽  
Special Mention ◽  
Theory Of Language ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
The 19Th Century

Summary Among the scholars who tackled the topic of language origins in the 19th century, the German philosopher Ludwig Noiré (1829–1889) deserves special mention. To him, the unique sociability of humans implies cooperation and cooperation in turn involves language. Remarkably, Noiré’s theory deeply influenced the debate on language origins until the 1950s. Before offering some theoretical and historical explanations for the enduring influence of Noiré’s theory, it is necessary to describe the general features of his theory and the context in which it arose. After dealing with the German-English debate on language origins during the 19th century, a section will be especially devoted to Noiré’s theory of language origins. Finally, a comparison between Noiré’s insights and the naturalistic framework of the 19th century is provided.

scholarly journals Sortir de la grande nuit

Anos 90 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (40) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriano Moraes Migliavacca
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Frantz Fanon ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
Autobiographical Narratives ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
Dynamic View ◽  
New Generation ◽  
African Intellectuals ◽  
Leopold Sedar Senghor

Esta resenha busca apresentar ao leitor brasileiro a obra Sortir de la grande nuit, do cientista político camaronês Achille Mbembe. Situado na nova geração de pensadores africanos, Achille Mbembe defende uma linha de pensamento a que chama de “afropolitanismo”, a qual busca oferecer uma alternativa aos movimentos da negritude e do panafricanismo. A análise da atual situação cultural e social africana que Mbembe oferece, não obstante seu caráter eminentemente político, utiliza de extenso material autobiográfico, partindo de relatos de suas vivências de juventude em Camarões e incluindo suas experiências como estudante e professor na França, nos Estados Unidos e na África do Sul. Além disso, o autor explicita a influência que tiveram sobre seu pensamento as obras de intelectuais africanos que o precederam, como Frantz Fanon e Leopold Sedar Senghor. Essa miríade de experiências e leituras é harmonizada por Mbembe em uma visão dinâmica da África como local onde diversos povos e culturas transitam, afastando-se, assim, de postulados universalistas e da rigidez das concepções raciais.Palavras-chave: Achille Mbembe. Afropolitanismo. África contemporânea.This review presents to the Brazilian reader Sortir de la grande nuit, a work by the Cameroonian political scientist Achille Mbembe. Belonging to the new generation of African thinkers, Achille Mbembe advocates for a worldview which he calls afropolitanism, offering an alternative to negritude and panafricanism. Mbembe provides an analysis of current social and cultural situation in Africa that takes into account both political ideas and theories and his own autobiographical narratives, from his youth in Cameroon to his experiences as a student and Professor in France, the United States of America, and South Africa. In addition, the author discusses the influence of different African intellectuals, such as Frantz Fanon and Leopold Sedar Senghor, on his own work. These myriad experiences and readings are harmonized into a dynamic view of Africa as a place of transit of diverse peoples and cultures, thus avoiding universalist postulates and rigid racial conceptions.Keywords: Achille Mbembe. Afropolitanism. Contemporary Africa.

scholarly journals Sultans, Shamans & Saints

2009 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-144
Author(s):  
Carool Kersten
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
North American ◽  
Political Scientist ◽  
General Overview ◽  
American Academia ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Novice Students

Few people in North American academia are more knowledgeable aboutIslam in Southeast Asia, and especially in Indonesia, than Howard Federspiel.The forte of his own research contributions lays not so much in innovativeanalyses as in presenting comprehensive and useful overviews forspecialists and novice students alike. As a political scientist, he made hisname with his study of Indonesia’s Persatuan Islam (PERSIS), a modernistIslamic organization active from the 1920s until the 1950s – the critical timeframe during which the Dutch colony gained its independence. This was followedby further contributions to the country’s contemporary intellectualhistory. With Sultans, Shamans & Saints, Federspiel has now tried his handat producing a general overview of Islam in Southeast Asia ...

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