Classification and Organization of Programs

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joy G. Dryfoos
Keyword(s):  
Effective Schools ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Target Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
School Problems ◽  
High Risk Behaviors ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Health Promotion Programs

Simulated risk estimates provide a quantitative framework for addressing the need of a significant number of children in the United States who are in dire straits: failing in school, delinquent, taking drugs, and having unprotected intercourse. Of the 28 million girls and boys aged 10 to 17, it is estimated that 1 in 10 (almost 3 million) are in critical situations. Another group of 4 million (15%) have excessively high prevalence rates for some but not all of the high-risk behaviors. Thus the future of 7 million youth—one in four in this country—is in jeopardy unless major and immediate changes are made in their school experiences, in their access to opportunities for healthy adolescent development, and in the quality of life in their communities. The children and their families require intensive support services to ameliorate their problems. The school systems must undergo rapid reorganization to respond to the needs of the families in these communities. Another 25 percent of youth (7 million) are at moderate risk, because of school problems, minor delinquencies, light substance use, and early, but protected, intercourse. These young people would make up the target population for concentrated prevention approaches including school remediation, counseling, and comprehensive services. About half of the nation’s youth (14 million) experience few problems and are probably at low risk of negative consequences from their behavior, but they too require general preventive services and health promotion programs. And, of course, effective schools are a social necessity for everyone. From these rough estimates, it may be possible to conceptualize a more logical, less fragmented strategy for implementing programs aimed at reducing problem behaviors. It is apparent that some children need a great deal of help, others a little, and some not any. Interventions aimed at the common predictors or antecedents of behaviors may have a better chance of success than those that are focused on only one behavior, such as drugs or sex. It seems reasonable to conclude that fewer children would be failing to achieve if the separate categorical interventions of the past had been more successful.

scholarly journals Consequences of Promoting Less-Populated Rural Areas to Urban Areas: A Case Study, Bushehr Province

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Ali Bastin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Population Data ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Negative Consequences

The modified law of Iranian Administrative divisions has greatly altered the pattern of settlement in recent decades. The promotion of rural areas to urban areas has shifted from mere population standard to combined population-administrative standards. However, all censuses suggest that many rural areas reported as smaller than the minimum population standard have been promoted to urban areas. In the last two decades, this is a clearly prominent phenomenon in the urban system of Iran. This paper evaluates the effects and consequences of promoting small and sparsely populated rural areas to urban areas in the Bushehr province. The used methodology is analytic-descriptive using a questionnaire distributed among 380 members of the target population. Data analysis is conducted in physical, economic, social and urban servicing domains using one-sample T-test and the utility range. The results show that promotion of rural areas to urban areas has positive outcomes such as improved waste disposal system, improved quality of residential buildings, increased monitoring of the construction, increased income, prevented migration and improved health services. However, the results of utility range show that the negative consequences of this policy are more than its positive outcomes, which have been studied in detail.

Advances in Anemia Management in Chronic Kidney Disease

2002 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 437-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Q. Hudson ◽  
Kristine S. Schonder
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Secondary Complications ◽  
Anemia Management ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is increasing in the United States. Efforts to promote earlier intervention to screen for CKD and manage secondary complications are of paramount importance to improve overall care of this population. Anemia is a secondary complication of CKD that develops as kidney function declines. Historically, anemia management efforts have been primarily emphasized in patients with end-stage renal disease; however, early detection and treatment of anemia in the early stages of the disease are essential to prevent negative consequences of anemia such as reduced quality of life, left ventricular hypertrophy and mortality. With the increased prevalence of CKD and efforts focused on identifying this disorder early in its course, it is likely that more pharmacists will be involved in the management of CKD and secondary complications such as anemia. Treatment approaches must also be based on the more recently advocated guidelines from the National Kidney Foundation’s Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF-K/DOQI). This article reviews therapeutic issues of anemia of CKD, new agents for management, and the NKF-K/DOQI anemia management guidelines from a clinical perspective that will assist pharmacists involved in the care of these patients.

Coping With Workplace Bullying Through NAVER: Effects of LMX Relational Concerns and Cultural Differences

2017 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaesub Lee ◽  
Jingpei J. C. Lim ◽  
Robert L. Heath
Keyword(s):  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Workplace Bullying ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Cultural Variations ◽  
Gender And Age ◽  
Organizational Consequences ◽  
Relational Concerns

Workplace bullying inevitably has grave individual and organizational consequences, including lowered morale and productivity. Given such negative consequences, this study explored five coping strategies: neglect, acquiescence, voice, exit, and retribution (NAVER). This research examined the extent to which relational concerns such as leader-member exchanges (LMXs) and cultural variations (the United States and Singapore) affect use of the five coping strategies after controlling for actual exposure to workplace bullying, gender, and age. Findings indicated that the quality of LMX significantly influence the strategic use of acquiescence, exit, and retribution. No significant cultural variation in coping strategies was detected. LMX quality and actual experience of workplace bullying were the strongest determinants for the use of all coping strategies but exit.

scholarly journals Health-Related Quality of Life among University Healthcare Academics

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-59
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shahid Iqbal ◽  
Fahad I. Al-Saikhan ◽  
Muhammad Zahid Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Socioeconomic Variables ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related

Introduction: Having a good health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is important to ensure good job performance. However, it is subjective and it cannot be measured easily. This study aimed  to evaluate HRQoL among universityhealthcare academics in public andprivate  universities. Method: In this study,a stratified random sampling approach was employed. The strata were created based on departments in the universities. A random sample from each stratum was taken in a number proportional to the stratum's size when compared to the overall target population. A validated questionnaire comprising two sections was administered online to collect the data. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis (Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis H test) were applied using SPSS version 22. Results: Out of all the total 130 respondents, 57 (43.8%) were from a private university and the other 73 (56.2%) were from a public university. There were 61 (46.9%) male respondents and 69 (53.1%) female respondents. HRQoL according to the studied domains of the DUKE health profile was associated with various demographic and socioeconomic variables such as type of institution, department/faculty, age, gender, number of children, and years of experience. Conclusion:The demographic and socioeconomic variables were strongly associated with the HRQoL among university healthcare academics.

Quality of health promotion programs is associated with built environment features in Jerusalem

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
O Besor ◽  
O Manor ◽  
O Paltiel ◽  
M Dunchin ◽  
O Rauch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Health Promotion ◽  
Built Environment ◽  
Comprehensive Evaluation ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Food Stores ◽  
Municipal Planning ◽  
Health Promotion Programs ◽  
Neighbourhood Level

Abstract Background Neighbourhood built environment and infrastructure influence health status. Greater walkability, green spaces and healthy food accessibility can enhance healthy lifestyles. While health promotion programs (HPPs) have been shown to improve population's health, little is known about the reciprocal influences between the built environment and quality and distribution of HPPs across a city. Methods HPPs operating in Jerusalem focusing on healthy diet and physical activities were located and evaluated for quality using the European Quality Instrument for Health Promotion (EQUIHP) in 2017. HPPs location, intervention type and characteristics of the target population were documented. Using Geographic Information System (GIS), we combined infrastructure data from the Jerusalem Municipality and socioeconomic score (1 lowest - 10 highest) from Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics. Associations between distribution and quality of HPPs and the built environment at the neighbourhood (n = 115) level and municipal planning area level (7 areas) were assessed. Results Overall 93 HPPs operating in 349 locations and serving 582,500 adult residents, were identified in Jerusalem. Higher HPP quality, at the municipal planning area, was associated with higher density of HPPs, longer bike or walking lanes and fewer food stores. Positive significant (p < 0.05) correlations, at a neighbourhood level, were found between neighbourhood EQUIHP median scores and HPPs targeting women (0.262), participants < 60 years old (0.324) and the Arab ethnicity (0.473). Linear regression showed a significant (p = 0.01) decrease of 0.015 in median EQUIHP score at a neighbourhood level for each increase in socioeconomic status score (p = 0.036). Conclusions A comprehensive evaluation of HPP quality, spatial and sociodemographic information demonstrates an association of HPP access and quality with the built environment. Fortunately, in Jerusalem high quality programs are designed for populations at need. Key messages In Jerusalem, the quality of health promotion programs measured by the EQUIHP score, was positively associated with infrastructure features promoting physical activity and lower neighbourhood SES. In Jerusalem, higher quality of health promotion programs focusing in nutrition and physical activity were designed for populations at need.

The Overlap in High-Risk Behaviors

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joy G. Dryfoos
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Peer Influence ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Conduct Disorders ◽  
Peer Influences ◽  
Acting Out ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
High Risk Behaviors ◽  
Fields Of Study

The previous four chapters have reviewed the consequences, antecedents, and numbers of adolescents at risk of behaviors in four distinct fields of study: delinquency, substance use, teenage pregnancy, and school failure. It should be apparent that these fields are interrelated since the same variables have emerged time and time again as consequences or antecedents of the diverse behaviors. In this chapter, the commonalities among these fields are analyzed and synthesized. First, we address the question of common antecedents or predictors of behavior. Then, we focus on the overlap in high-risk behavior. How many young people “do it all,” and how many don't do any of it? From the wealth of data presented in the preceding chapters and from studies that look at the co-occurrence of these behaviors, a “synthetic estimate” is created that quantifies target groups for comprehensive interventions. Chapters 3 to 6 presented summaries of the antecedents of the separate problem behaviors (see Tables 3.7, 4.7, 5.7, and 6.7). A large number of variables were identified in each category. However, some of the antecedents or predictors applied only to one or two of the behaviors. A summary of the four diverse fields of study yields six common characteristics that predict each of the problem behaviors: . . . 1. Age: Early initiation or occurrence of any behavior predicts heavy involvement in the behavior and more negative consequences. 2. Expectations for education and school grades: Doing poorly in school and expecting to do poorly in school are associated with all of the problem behaviors. 3. General behavior: Acting out, truancy, antisocial behavior, and other conduct disorders are related to each of the problem behaviors. 4. Peer influence: Having low resistance to peer influences and having friends who participate in the same behaviors are common to all of the behaviors. 5. Parental role: Having insufficient bonding to parents, having parents who do not monitor, supervise, offer guidance, or communicate with their children, and having parents who are either too authoritarian or too permissive are all strongly associated with the behaviors. . . .

scholarly journals Public Policy and the Shaping of Disability: Incidence Growth in Educational Autism

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Dana Lee Baker
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Mental Retardation ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Target Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
Policy Paradigm ◽  
The Government ◽  
Low Incidence

Autism has gained the attention of policy makers and public administrators in recent years. The surge in prevalence, in tandem with a growing social preference for community inclusion of individuals with disabilities, strains a variety of policy infrastructures. Autism and related disorders, which were first described in 1943, were originally thought to be extremely low incidence and usually coincident with mental retardation. In accordance with the disability policy paradigm of the era, public services for autism were provided predominantly in institutional settings. Since then, however, autism and related disorders have come to be understood as more common than was originally thought and more rarely associated with mental retardation. In this article, shift-share analysis is used to gain insight into how the growth in autism incidence is being differentially experienced and recorded within a single arena of policy across the United States. The challenges associated with a sudden growth in supply (that is the number of children with autism), while unique to autism in some respects, include aspects that are similar for other disabilities and in policy challenges in other arenas. Especially since the implementation of the Government Performance Results Act of 1996, there is increased pressure to create public policy infrastructures that are anchored by clearly cut categorical service delivery. If the categories themselves leave significant room for interpretation and their use actually has a shaping effect on the target population, then it is important to administration and policy evaluation to understand how the effect is playing out.

Pre-Referral Procedures: Meeting Unique Needs of English Language Learners

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Joanna Burton ◽  
Betsy Wendt
Keyword(s):  
English Language Learners ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
School System ◽  
English Language ◽  
First Language ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public School System ◽  
Language Difference ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
School Team

An increasingly large number of children receiving education in the United States public school system do not speak English as their first language. As educators adjust to the changing educational demographics, speech-language pathologists will be called on with increasing frequency to address concerns regarding language difference and language disorders. This paper illustrates the pre-referral assessment-to-intervention processes and products designed by one school team to meet the unique needs of English Language Learners (ELL).

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