Thoughts on Geographic Variation in Behavior

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan A. Foster ◽  
John A. Endler
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Species Recognition ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Common Condition ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Past Behavior ◽  
The Common ◽  
Selection Gene

In the past, behavior was assumed to be largely invariant within species, particularly those elements of behavior used as criteria of mate choice or in species recognition (see Magurran this volume, Verrell this volume). As is obvious from this volume, geographic variation could well be the common condition rather than the exception, and this applies to the full spectrum of behavioral phenotypes. Not only must students of behavior avoid typological thinking (Mayr 1963), but those wishing to infer similarity of behavior among populations must demonstrate the similarity just as surely as those interested in exploring population differentiation must demonstrate the differences. Behavior is as much a phenotype as is morphology; it is the expression of the combined effects of genotype and environment. Like other traits, behavior varies geographically because it is subject to geographically varying conditions and, hence, to natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift. The chapters in this book provide examples of this variation, of the underlying genetic bases for the differences, and in many cases, the causes of the geographic variation. The study of geographic variation in behavior is in very early stages and lags well behind research on geographic variation in other kinds of traits (Endler 1977, 1986, 1995). Consequently, we cannot answer with assurance many of the questions we would like to be able to answer. However, we can take a first step using the insights offered by the research presented in this book. Before doing so, we briefly address some of the methodological issues that emerged over the course of the research because many are specific to the study of behavior or of geographic variation. We hope this will help others avoid problems encountered in these early studies. Many of the methodological issues discussed in the chapters in this book are related to the difficulty of working with behavioral characteristics that are extremely labile and responsive to environmental conditions. The remainder are issues related to the interpretation of data collected to assess patterns and causes of geographic variation. We will examine them in turn.

Geographic Variation in Behavior

1999 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Behavioral Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Wide Range

Studies of animal behavior often assume that all members of a species exhibit the same behavior. Geographic Variation in Behavior shows that, on the contrary, there is substantional variation within species across a wide range of taxa. Including work from pioneers in the field, this volume provides a balanced overview of research on behavioral characteristics that vary geographically. The authors explore the mechanisms by which behavioral differences evolve and examine related methodological issues. Taken together, the work collected here demonstrates that genetically based geographic variation may be far more widespread than previously suspected. The book also shows how variation in behavior can illuminate both behavioral evolution and general evolutionary patterns. Unique among books on behavior in its emphasis on geographic variation, this volume is a valuable new resource for students and researchers in animal behavior and evolutionary biology.

scholarly journals Sociolingvistická situace psaných slovanských jazyků v 1. polovině 18. století

2018 ◽  
pp. 7-40
Author(s):  
Vladislav Knoll
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Function Structure ◽  
Complex Image ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Creation ◽  
National Languages

The main aim of the article is to present a complex image of the diversity, use and functions of written Slavonic idioms in the first half of the 18th century, which is the period that shortly precedes the creation of the modern national languages. This detailed view shows that the number of the written varieties was much larger, and the function structure of the single languages and varieties in each speech community was more complex than now. The article also discusses the methodological issues linked to the studies on the pre-national languages and tries to find the common patterns of variety hierarchy in each of the main cultural areas of the Slavonic world.

Managing otalgia in general practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
Margaret Ann Perry
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Common Condition ◽  
Minor Illness ◽  
Common Causes ◽  
The Common ◽  
Frequent Reason

Otalgia is a frequent reason for minor illness consultations in general practice. Margaret Ann Perry provides an overview of the common causes, complications and treatments Otalgia, also known as earache, is a common condition, which has a variety of causes. It is a frequent reason for visits to GP surgeries or walk-in centres and can potentially affect any age. Most of the common causes of otalgia are benign conditions that can be easily treated; however, there are a few more sinister diagnoses that need to be considered in some cases. This article therefore aims to give nurses and non-medical prescribers confidence in assessing and treating patients who present with this common condition.

scholarly journals Collisional Evolution of Galaxy Clusters: Fokker–Planck and N-body models

2003 ◽  
Vol 208 ◽  
pp. 449-450
Author(s):  
Koji Takahashi ◽  
Tomohiro Sensui ◽  
Yoko Funato ◽  
Junichiro Makino
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Dynamical Evolution ◽  
Cluster Center ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Clusters Of Galaxies ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Self Consistent ◽  
The Common ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Fokker Planck

We investigate the dynamical evolution of clusters of galaxies in virial equilibrium by using Fokker–Planck models and self-consistent N-body models. In particular we focus on the growth of the common halos and the development of the central density cusps in the clusters. We find good agreement between the Fokker–Planck and N-body models. At the cluster center the cusp approximated by a power law, ρ(r) ∝ r-α (α ∼ 1), develops. We conclude that this shallow cusp results from the combined effects of two-body relaxation and tidal stripping. The cusp steepness α weakly depends on the relative importance of tidal stripping.

scholarly journals Feature Specific Attention and Return of Fear after Extinction

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom J. Barry ◽  
Bram Vervliet ◽  
Dirk Hermans
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Common Condition ◽  
Similar Stimulus ◽  
Return Of Fear ◽  
The Common ◽  
Fear Potentiated Startle ◽  
Report Measure ◽  
Unique Condition

Anxiety disorders are often treated by repeatedly presenting stimuli that are perceptually similar to original stimuli to which fear was originally acquired. Fear can return after it is extinguished because of the differences between these stimuli. It may possible to attenuate return of fear by manipulating attention to the commonalities between feared stimuli and extinction stimuli. After acquiring fear for an animal-like stimulus by pairing with an electro-cutaneous shock, fear was extinguished by repeatedly presenting a similar stimulus. During extinction participants were asked questions that instructed them to attend towards the features in common between the acquisition and extinction stimulus or towards the unique features of the extinction stimulus. Return of fear was assessed by presenting a second perceptually similar stimulus after extinction. Participants showed a return in skin conductance responding after extinction in the unique condition, and not in the common condition. Both groups showed a return in self-report ratings of US expectancy. Neither group showed a return in fear potentiated startle, but there was evidence that this may have been due to individual differences in emotional attentional control. Our conclusions are limited by the use of a self-report measure of emotional attentional control and the absence of limits on the length of time participants could take to answer the extinction questions. It may be possible to enhance extinction and prevent a return of the physiological aspects of fear by manipulating attention during extinction. However, this does not appear to influence explicit expectancy of aversive outcomes. Individual differences in attentional control may influence this process.

scholarly journals Geographic variation in the function of ornaments in the common yellowthroat Geothlypis trichas

2008 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter O. Dunn ◽  
Linda A. Whittingham ◽  
Corey R. Freeman-Gallant ◽  
Jonathan DeCoste
Keyword(s):  
Geographic Variation ◽  
Common Yellowthroat ◽  
Geothlypis Trichas ◽  
The Common

Exploratory Factor Analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Haig
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Methods ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Scientific Inference ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
The Common

Chapter 6 argues that exploratory factor analysis is an abductive method of theory generation that exploits a principle of scientific inference known as the principle of the common cause. Factor analysis is an important family of multivariate statistical methods that is widely used in the behavioral and social sciences. The best known model of factor analysis is common factor analysis, which has two types: exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. A number of methodological issues that arise in critical discussions of exploratory factor analysis are considered. It is suggested that exploratory factor analysis can be profitably employed in tandem with confirmatory factor analysis.

scholarly journals An NMR Study of the Bortezomib Degradation under Clinical Use Conditions

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adele Bolognese ◽  
Anna Esposito ◽  
Michele Manfra ◽  
Lucio Catalano ◽  
Fara Petruzziello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boronic Acid ◽  
High Field ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Spectroscopic Properties ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Common Condition ◽  
Nmr Study ◽  
The Common

The (R)-3-methyl-1-((S)-3-phenyl-2-(pyrazine-2-carboxamido)propanamido)butyl-boronic acid, bortezomib (BTZ), which binds the 20S proteasome subunit and causes a large inhibition of its activity, is a peptidomimetic boronic drug mainly used for the treatment of multiple myeloma. CommercialBTZ, stabilized as mannitol derivative, has been investigated under the common conditions of the clinical use because it is suspected to be easily degradable in the region of its boronic moiety. CommercialBTZsamples, reconstituted according to the reported commercial instructions and stored at , were analyzed by high-field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in comparison with identical samples bubbled with air and argon, respectively. All the samples remained unchanged for a week. After a month, the air filled samples showed the presence of two main degradation products (6% of starting material), the N-(1-(1-hydroxy-3-methylbutylamino)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl) pyrazine-2-carboxamide (BTZ1; 5%, determined from NMR integration) and the (S)-N-(1-(3-methylbutanamido)-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl)pyrazine-2-carboxamide (BTZ2; 1%, determined from NMR integration), identified on the basis of their chemical and spectroscopic properties. TheBTZ1andBTZ2finding suggests that, under the common condition of use and at , commercial BTZ-mannitol is stable for a week, and that, in time, it undergoes slow oxidative deboronation which partially inactivates the product. Low temperature and scarce contact with air decrease the degradation process.

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