Object Coreference in German: The Reflexive sich as a Problem for Derivational Approaches to Binding

Despite Grewendorf’s well-known German binding data with the double-object verb zeigen ‘show’, where one object reflexively binds the other and which suggests that the direct object (DO) is generated higher than the indirect object (IO), this paper argues for the canonical surface order of IO > DO as base order. We highlight the exceptional status of Grewendorf’s examples, build on scope facts as well as a quantitative acceptability rating study, and exploit the fact that zeigen can also be used as inherently reflexive with idiomatic meaning. Appealing to the base configuration of the pieces of idiomatic expressions and considering different Spell-Out possibilities of coreferential objects in German, we show that the case, number, and gender underspecification of the anaphor sich poses a previously unnoticed problem for derivational approaches to binding.

THE IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS USED BY THE CHARACTERS AS FOUND IN MEGAMIND MOVIE

The researcher discussed about The Idiomatic Expressions Used by The Characters as Found in Megamind movie. The movie has theme of heroic stories, in the dialogue it is found that the contain of idiomatic expressions, the movie storyline was good, has a good language structure and the movie contain the message that "anyone can be a hero". The purpose of this study is to determine the types of idiomatic expressions, the meaning of idiomatic expressions, and the types of idiomatic expressions that are the most dominant in used by characters such as those found in the Megamind movie. The theory used was Adam Makkai theory to look for types of idiomatic expressions, and the theory of Abdul Chaer to look for the meaning of idiomatic expressions. Characters are people which are represented in a dramatic or narrative work. Idioms are complex expressions whose meaning does not logically follow the individual meanings of their constituents. Idioms are divided into 2 parts, namely idioms of encoding and idioms of decoding. Idioms of decoding are divided into 2, namely sememic idioms and lexemic idioms. Lexemic Idioms are divided into 5 types, namely phrasal verbs idioms, tournure idioms, irreversible binomial idioms, phrasal compound idioms, and incorporating idioms verbs. This research is qualitative research and used descriptive method. Based on the formulation of the problem, this study has revealed three findings. Consists of; First, there are 175 idiomatic types found, contained in 3 character characters in the Megamind movie which are divided into 5 types, namely, phrasal verb idioms found 54 idioms, tournure idioms found 5 idioms, irreversible binomial idioms there is no found idioms that used by each character in Megamind movie, phrasal compound idiom found 93 idioms and incorporating verbs idiom found 23 idioms. Second, there are 9 types of idiomatic meanings used by the characters in the Megamind movie, 3 lexical meanings, 4 contextual meanings, 4 grammatical meanings, 8 conceptual meanings found, 44 associative meanings found, 35 referential meanings found, 2 non-referential meanings were found, 33 denotative meanings, and 42 connotative meanings. Third, the most dominant types of idiomatic expressions used are in the main character in the movie, namely the Megamind character totaling 63 types of Phrasal Compound Idioms and as many as 33 types of Phrasal Verb Idioms.

Idiomatic Expressions in J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and The Prisoner of Azkaban

The paper argues that the quality of idiom translations depends on the appropriate strategy used while translating them because idiomatic expressions cannot be translated from their words. This study was carried out to describe the meaning of the idiomatic expression and the application of Chesterman's strategies in translating idioms and identify the speech acts of the utterances conveyed by the speaker in the data. This research used a descriptive qualitative method. The data were gathered from J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. The study also used their Indonesian version to find out the translation of the idiomatic expressions. One hundred five quotes were taken from the novels. As a result, Unit Shift appears more frequently in the novel as a syntactic strategy followed by Scheme Change. Furthermore, in terms of semantic approach, distribution Change is the most common strategy that emerges from the novels, followed by Trope Change. The Assertive Act is the most dominant act delivered by the speaker behind the utterances in speech acts.

REDUPLICATION PROCESSES IN TURKISH AND GERMAN: A CONTRASTIVE STUDY

The main goal of this study is to analyse the reduplicative structures in two languages: Turkish and German. Unlike German, Turkish is known as a language that actively uses productive reduplicative structures. There are different functions of these structures. They can be employed to produce new words in some languages or they can add different meanings to the existing words. They are mostly divided as partial and full reduplication. Also, some of the reduplication processes are productive, which means they can be used with new words unlike unproductive reduplication which can only be used with some specific words in that language. This study is a contrastive study and this requires three steps in the study: description, juxtaposition and comparison (Krzeszowski, 1990: 35). In the description step, the features of reduplication are defined and reduplicative processes in Turkish and German are described. In the second step, juxtaposition, the common ground to be compared in two languages are stated. At the end in the comparison step, the differences and similarities regarding reduplicative processes in two languages are determined related to type and degree. In terms of degree, both languages have full and partial reduplication. On the other hand, German has more types of reduplicative structures compared to Turkish. When two languages are compared regarding type, it is possible to state that German reduplicative structures are mostly unproductive, which means those structures are generally lexicalized or idiomatic expressions and do not allow for new words unlike Turkish.

Pragmatic Characteristics of Indefinite Pronouns in Croatian as a Second Language

This paper deals with some of the pragmatic characteristics of indefinite pronouns, specifically about the potential for expressing a negative attitude or stance by using them. The results of a quantitative survey will be presented exploring to what extent the potential to express a negative attitude using indefinite pronouns has been mastered. The research questionnaire consisted of two parts and examined the respondents’ command in terms of both comprehension and production of the pragmatic properties of indefinite pronouns in Croatian as a second language (CL2), and the examples used in the questionnaire were taken from the hrWaC 2.0 corpus (Ljubešić and Erjavec 2011). The research was conducted among students of CL2 at the levels B2 and C1 (N=60) who attended the programs of Croaticum – Centre for Croatian as Foreign and Second Language, University of Zagreb in the 2019/2020 academic year. The results obtained in this research can be applied in the development of learning materials intended for teaching the semantic and pragmatic features of indefinite pronouns in the instruction of CL2. They show that the pragmatic level needs to be included more thoroughly in the teaching of CL2 because its mastery is an essential component of language competence, especially at higher levels. The pragmatic properties of IP should also be taught, as should idiomatic expressions with IP. It is necessary to not only teach from an explicitly grammatical approach, but also to teach lexically in such a way that includes the pragmatic level, because IP have great pragmatic potential.

SEMANTIC AND LINGUOCULTURAL SPECIFICITY OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS WITH COMPONENTS HEN, CHICKEN IN THE MODERN UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE

The article deals with the study of ornithonyms "hen", "chicken", which are part of the phraseology of the modern Ukrainian language. The object of phraseology is considered in a broad sense of the word – this intermediate level includes both idioms and proverbs, sayings, idiomatic figurative comparisons, and so on. It is found that phraseological units with the names «hen», «chicken» are widely represented in the Ukrainian language and are actively used by speakers to enhance the figurative characteristics of man, the situation, quite fully and conceptually represent different areas of material and spiritual life. The semantic and linguistic-cultural peculiarities of idiomatic expressions with ornithonyms "hen", "chicken" are analyzed. It is determined that the semantic structures of the studied phrases contain a significant number of metaphorical meanings used to denote a person. It is established that the majority of idioms with studied components describe human traits: positive (caring, diligence, observation, humility, gentleness) and negative (cunning, foolishness, carelessness, talkativeness, greed, meanness, deceit, indecision, dirtiness, etc). In addition, constant expressions that characterize emotional states (joy, sadness, fussiness, anger, loneliness, etc.), social statuses (wealth, poverty, family relationships), physical characteristics (poor eyesight, hunger), appearance are given in the article. Phraseological units related to the main function of a hen (laying eggs), chicken feed (cereals) and predators (fox), which pose a danger to hens, are also widely represented in the Ukrainian language. Symbolism, existing signs, beliefs associated with these birds are studied. The examples of functioning the analyzed ornithophraseologisms in literary and publicist texts are given. The typical conception that exists in the collective consciousness of Ukrainians about the names "hen", "chicken" is also highlighted.

The Language of “Overthrown Religion”: Tvardovsky about God

Purpose. In the literature about A. T. Tvardovsky, the theme of the writer's religiosity was rarely touched upon. The memoirs of contemporaries retained contradictory facts, by which it is difficult to judge Tvardovsky’s true convictions. This article presents the results of the study of the language of the writer. His poetry served as the material, and “Workbooks” were also involved. Results. Analysis of the poetic language showed that the life of the church, its language were familiar to a native of the Smolensk hinterland, as to every person of his time. Numerous References to various church realities are indicative – objects, buildings, people, sacraments, holidays. The subject of the research is the lexeme “God” and the peculiarities of its functioning in the poetic language of Tvardovsky, as well as, for comparison, in his documentary prose. For the early Tvardovsky, the rejection of the “old world” and its beliefs for the sake of Marxist-Leninist ideology is relevant. One of the vivid evidence of this refusal is the reduction of the constants of the religious thinking of the Russian person to sayings, idioms, and mentioning God in vain. The most categorical atheistic statements are put into the mouths of the heroes of the poems, for example, Nikita Morgunok and Terkin. The word God in idiomatic expressions is usually desemantized. Leaders, political and cultural idols are most often compared with God. Later, Tvardovsky significantly softens his atheistic positions, showing signs of spontaneous faith. He writes the penitential poem “By the Right of Memory”, becomes more careful and selective in expressions. Prose speech is enriched by a more conscious mention of God, mainly in contexts of supreme judgment, repentance and miraculous help. Tvardovsky opposes aggressive ideological policies that rudely try to replace one religion with another. In this process, he sees a metaphysical transition to the side of Evil. Conclusion. Tvardovsky experienced a spiritual evolution from militant autheism to a spontaneous faith, in which he was most worried about the problems of Higher Judgment and repentance. The highest value for him continued to be a person.

Idiomatic Expressions Analysis in Joker Movie

This research aims to find out the types of idiomatic expressions and to identify the patterns of idiomatic expressions in the Joker movie. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method. In collecting the data, this research used a classification form, documentation, and monolingual dictionaries. The result showed that there were 4 types of idiomatic expressions found in the Joker movie; proverbs, clichés, fixed statements, and slang. The other types of idiomatic expressions such as simile, binomial, and other language were absent from the Joker movie. Moreover, the researcher identified the patterns of the idiomatic expressions in the Joker movie were; noun phrases, transitive verb phrases, verbal phrases, prepositional phrases, pair of words, and sentence pattern. The other patterns of idiomatic expressions such as be + prepositional phrases and alliterative comparison were not consisted in the Joker movie.

Extending persian sentiment lexicon with idiomatic expressions for sentiment analysis

Nowadays, it is important for buyers to know other customer opinions to make informed decisions on buying a product or service. In addition, companies and organizations can exploit customer opinions to improve their products and services. However, the Quintilian bytes of the opinions generated every day cannot be manually read and summarized. Sentiment analysis and opinion mining techniques offer a solution to automatically classify and summarize user opinions. However, current sentiment analysis research is mostly focused on English, with much fewer resources available for other languages like Persian. In our previous work, we developed PerSent, a publicly available sentiment lexicon to facilitate lexicon-based sentiment analysis of texts in the Persian language. However, PerSent-based sentiment analysis approach fails to classify the real-world sentences consisting of idiomatic expressions. Therefore, in this paper, we describe an extension of the PerSent lexicon with more than 1000 idiomatic expressions, along with their polarity, and propose an algorithm to accurately classify Persian text. Comparative experimental results reveal the usefulness of the extended lexicon for sentiment analysis as compared to PerSent lexicon-based sentiment analysis as well as Persian-to-English translation-based approaches. The extended version of the lexicon will be made publicly available.