“A Coherent Body of Thought and Action”

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Rush Doshi
Keyword(s):  
International Order ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Rising Powers ◽  
Global Order ◽  
Hierarchical Relationships ◽  
Grand Strategies ◽  
Rising Power ◽  
Coherent Body ◽  
Selection Of

Chapter 1 defines grand strategy and international order. It then explores how rising powers displace hegemonic order through strategies of blunting, building, and expansion. First, the chapter argues that grand strategy is a theory of how a state can achieve security integrated across military, political, and economic means; and that finding it requires evidence of grand strategic concepts, capabilities, and conduct. Second, the chapter argues that international order emerges from a web of hierarchical relationships sustained by “forms of control” including coercion, inducement, and legitimacy—and that US-China competition is primarily over regional and global order. Finally, the chapter argues that rising powers can blunt a rival order by weakening its “forms of control” and build order by strengthening their own. Rising power perceptions of the hegemon’s power and threat shape the selection of rising power grand strategies.

scholarly journals Rising Powers and Peacebuilding

2021 ◽  
pp. 299-313
Author(s):  
Kai Michael Kenkel
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Global South ◽  
International Order ◽  
Rising Powers ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Global Peace ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Rising Power

Over the past two decades, a number of states have risen to take on substantial roles in peacebuilding efforts across the globe. China, Brazil, India, South Africa, and Turkey, among others, have become major players in their regions and beyond. This chapter analyzes how peacebuilding serves as the locus for these states to contest the rules underpinning the international order and to stake their claim to influence. These states have to date worked within the dominant liberal paradigm rather than revamping it; thus they have brought significant improvements in legitimacy and efficacy through their domestic experiences. The chapter identifies the commonalities that Southern rising powers apply to peacebuilding, as well as divergent characteristics that hamper its spread. It provides a definition of this class of states apt for analyzing their peace policies and crystallizes elements of a Southern-based rising-power contribution to global peace. Examples are given of how these states have sought to multilateralize their cooperation and act consistently within the United Nations. The analysis then takes a closer look at the practices of Brazil and India, two major rising powers from the Global South.

Power Politics and International Order

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Kyle M. Lascurettes
Keyword(s):  
International Order ◽  
Global Order ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
To Come

Chapter 1 (“Power Politics and International Order”) establishes a number of puzzles about global order more generally, and about the contemporary liberal international order more specifically. It explains why current commentary and scholarship have been insufficient for adequately addressing these puzzles, and then introduces a new argument—ordering-to-exclude theory—that is at the heart of the book. The current liberal international order, so revered by order optimists, is not as universally admired or as durable as many commentators believe. Ordering-to-exclude theory helps make sense of these discrepancies by pointing out the striking continuities behind the origins of past orders and those of the contemporary liberal international order. The chapter concludes by outlining the rest of the book’s structure and content and setting the stage for what is to come.

Rhetoric, Legitimation, and Grand Strategy

2021 ◽  
pp. 321-336
Author(s):  
Stacie E. Goddard
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
National Interest ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Public Justification ◽  
Research Traditions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Grand Strategies ◽  
Selection Of

Scholars associated with diverse research traditions have increasingly agreed that legitimacy is significant in the formulation and operation of grand strategy. Despite the field’s embrace of legitimacy, scholars of international relations have shown less interest in the role of legitimation—the public justification of policy—in creating and sustaining grand strategies. This oversight is puzzling. Grand strategy only becomes legitimate when leaders articulate the reasons why policies are justifiable, and only if audiences accept those claims. Empirically, moreover, leaders devote substantial time, energy, and resources to justifying their strategy to audiences at home and abroad. To overlook legitimation is to overlook much of global politics. This chapter makes the case for treating legitimation as central to the study of grand strategy. It explains what legitimation is, why it matters, and how it drives grand strategy at every stage, from the articulation of national interest, to the interpretation of threat, to the selection of instruments. The essay concludes with challenges to the legitimation of grand strategy in contemporary international politics.

scholarly journals Timing of Industrialization, Domestic Politics and Strategic Choices: A Theoretical Evaluation of American Grand Strategy in Managing the Rise of China

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (01) ◽  
pp. 2050002
Author(s):  
Hao Wang
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Rising Powers ◽  
Strategic Choices ◽  
Major Powers ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
Grand Strategies ◽  
Rising Power ◽  
International Systems ◽  
The Rise Of China ◽  
American Grand Strategy

The rise and fall of the major powers have been the most fundamental driving force in shaping international systems since the Industrial Revolution. During this recurrent process, the rise of new major powers and their impacts on the established international systems have been the core concern of dominant states. Therefore, American scholars of international politics have been dedicating themselves to the study of how to appropriately manage the rising-versus-dominant-power dyads to maintain the stability of systems and the dominant states’ leading position. On the other hand, from the Chinese perspective, this question is of equal importance and deserves some more attention, because China, as a rising power, needs to be aware of grand strategies that dominant states may adopt in managing potential challengers, both in theory and history. Only in this way could China finally achieve its goal of a peaceful rise. However, after literature review, we found that, partly attributable to the mainstream Realist paradigm, the existing researches have three main deficiencies: ambiguity of analytical levels, lack of case studies and incomplete theoretical construction. Therefore, this paper first summarizes, layers and combines strategies of dominant states in managing the rising powers. Then, it goes beyond the mainstream Realist paradigm, taking into consideration the factors of timing of industrialization, domestic politics and strategic choices, demonstrating that different rising powers, as well as the same rising power in different periods of history, have exerted varying degrees of impacts on the established international systems. Thus, the dominant states should apply targeted grand strategies to manage them. Finally, based on the theoretical and historical research findings, this paper specifically analyzes the US–China relations today, pointing out the problems within American grand strategy in managing the rise of China since 2010, and the theoretically appropriate choice in the future.

The Struggle for Recognition in International Relations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Murray
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Power Transition ◽  
Rising Powers ◽  
Peaceful Rise ◽  
Rising Power ◽  
Struggle For Recognition ◽  
Power Transitions

How can established powers manage the peaceful rise of new great powers? With The Struggle for Recognition in International Relations, the author offers a new answer to this perennial question in international relations, arguing that power transitions are principally social phenomena whereby rising powers struggle to obtain recognition of their identity as a great power. At the center of great power identity formation is the acquisition of particular symbolic capabilities—such as battlesheips, aircraft carriers, or nuclear weapons—that are representative of great power status and that allow rising powers to experience their uncertain social status as a brute fact. When a rising power is recognized, this power acquisition is considered legitimate and its status in the international order secured, leading to a peaceful power transition. If a rising power is misrecognized, its assertive foreign policy is perceived to be for revisionist purposes, which must be contained by the established powers. Revisionism—rather than the product of a material power structure that encourages aggression or domestic political struggles—is a social construct that emerges through a rising power’s social interactions with the established powers as it attempts to gain recognition of its identity. The question of peaceful power transition has taken on increased salience in recent years with the emergence of China as an economic and military rival of the United States. Highlighting the social dynamics of power transitions, this book offers a powerful new framework through which to understand the rise of China and how the United States can facilitate its peaceful rise.

Historical Foundations, Strategic Visions, and World Order

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Bolt ◽  
Sharyl N. Cross
Keyword(s):  
World Order ◽  
International Order ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
State Behavior ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship

Chapter 1 explores perspectives on world order, including power relationships and the rules that shape state behavior and perceptions of legitimacy. After outlining a brief history of the relationship between Russia and China that ranged from cooperation to military clashes, the chapter details Chinese and Russian perspectives on the contemporary international order as shaped by their histories and current political situation. Chinese and Russian views largely coincide on security issues, the desirability of a more multipolar order, and institutions that would enhance their standing in the world. While the Chinese–Russian partnership has accelerated considerably, particularly since the crisis in Ukraine in 2014, there are still some areas of competition that limit the extent of the relationship.

Rising Powers and International Organisations: The Case of China’s Counter-terrorism Strategy at the United Nations

China Report ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-144
Author(s):  
Vikash Chandra
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Order ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Rising Powers ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Counter Terrorism ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Central Coordination ◽  
The United Nations

This article illustrates China’s counter-terrorism strategy at the United Nations (UN), analyses its cornerstones and underscores changing patterns. On this basis, it also seeks to make some broader observations about how rising powers behave in international organisations and to highlight their attitudes towards the liberal international order. It considers Chinese positions in the debates in the General Assembly (1972–2018), its Sixth Committee and the Security Council (since the early 1990s) and identifies four pillars of China’s counter-terrorism strategy. These include norm entrepreneurship, diplomatic measures, promotion of international cooperation and domestic measures to fulfil obligations emanating from UN resolutions, conventions and declarations. It shows how China has shaped the discourse on terrorism at the UN and how its counter-terror narratives and advocacy have been and are being shaped by the discourse among states and competing blocs like the Organization of Islamic Conference over this period. It concludes with the observation that, despite changes in its strategy in recent years, the defining principles of China’s counter-terrorism strategy, such as respect for state sovereignty and non-interference in internal affairs, have not eroded. Changes like accepting that the UN must play a ‘central coordination role’ in international counter-terrorism should be regarded as a further extension of China’s zeal to maintain the international order because the UN is a defining pillar of the present international order.

Turkey’s Strategic Conduct under the Changing International System

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Fall 2021) ◽  
pp. 119-146
Author(s):  
Murat Yeşiltaş ◽  
Ferhat Pirinççi
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
International System ◽  
International Order ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Characteristic Features

This article analyses how Turkey should orient its grand strategy under the changing international order. It claims that the international order has undergone a significant transformation that is pushing Turkey to relocate its international position. First, the article analyses the characteristic features of the changing dynamics of the international system; it then sheds light on the new aspects of Turkey’s changing strategic landscape. By taking into consideration the transformation in Turkish foreign and security policy since the Arab Uprising, the article argues that Turkey needs a basis for determining what is important and what is not, what the primary threats to the nation’s interests are, and how best to serve those interests in a way that is attentive to the costs and risks it is willing to bear. Our aim in this article is to describe how Turkey can deal with the new reality of the international system and pursue and protect its important interests by developing a comprehensive grand strategy.

Population Aging and Grand Strategy

2021 ◽  
pp. 720-736
Author(s):  
Mark L. Haas
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Population Aging ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Demographic Trend ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Grand Strategies ◽  
A Share

This chapter examines the effects of population aging on states’ grand strategies. Due to major reductions in fertility levels and significant increases in life expectancies over the course of the last century, a majority of countries are growing older, many at fantastic rates and extent. The number of seniors, both absolutely and as a share of states’ overall population, is reaching unprecedented levels. This worldwide demographic trend is likely to affect all dimensions of states’ grand strategies, including in the great powers, which are among the world’s oldest countries. Population aging is likely to reduce states’ military capabilities, push leaders to adopt more isolationist and peaceful foreign policies, reshape states’ core international interests to place greater emphasis on the advancement of citizens’ quality of life and the protection of particular ethnocultural identities, and increase the perceived threat posed by immigration and multicultural ideologies.

scholarly journals A Crisis of Status Quo or Power Transition Amidst China Rise: An Integrative Review of a Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol VI (I) ◽  
pp. 281-286
Author(s):  
Pervaiz Ali Mahesar ◽  
Ali Khan Ghumro ◽  
Iftikhar Ali
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
International Society ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Integrative Review ◽  
Power Transition ◽  
Global Order ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
China's Rise ◽  
Rising Power

This article reviews China's rise in the context of Status Quo or Power Transition in international society. A growing power strives to gain its power, prestige, and position among the comity of nations. A rising power can be a rival, or it supports the status quo of global governance. This review showed that there is no power transition in the global order whereas, Beijing is willing to engage or cooperate with the USA and existing institutions to keep the status quo of the power. China is not in a hasty mood to replace the American global order, but it will continue to push softly for multipolarity.

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