Turkey’s Strategic Conduct under the Changing International System

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (Fall 2021) ◽  
pp. 119-146
Author(s):  
Murat Yeşiltaş ◽  
Ferhat Pirinççi
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
International System ◽  
International Order ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Characteristic Features

This article analyses how Turkey should orient its grand strategy under the changing international order. It claims that the international order has undergone a significant transformation that is pushing Turkey to relocate its international position. First, the article analyses the characteristic features of the changing dynamics of the international system; it then sheds light on the new aspects of Turkey’s changing strategic landscape. By taking into consideration the transformation in Turkish foreign and security policy since the Arab Uprising, the article argues that Turkey needs a basis for determining what is important and what is not, what the primary threats to the nation’s interests are, and how best to serve those interests in a way that is attentive to the costs and risks it is willing to bear. Our aim in this article is to describe how Turkey can deal with the new reality of the international system and pursue and protect its important interests by developing a comprehensive grand strategy.

scholarly journals WESTERN BALKANS U. S. POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF THE PRESIDENT TRUMP’S GRAND STRATEGY

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (3/2019) ◽  
pp. 13-42
Author(s):  
Dragan Simić ◽  
Dragan Živojinović
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
National Security Strategy ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Set Up

Many critics of Donald Trump argue that Donald Trump’s Grand Strategy is an absence of Grand Strategy or that his foreign and security policy is driven by impulses and tactical approach. However, such policy leaves us with practical consequences which mean that we have to follow this sort of a Donald Trump approach to foreign affairs and politics in general. The best guide in that sense would be the 2017 U. S. National Security Strategy idea of principled realism which is the most important written strategic statement of the Trump administration up to this date. If Trump’s approach “is guided by outcomes not ideology” and if “prosperity depend on strong, sovereign nations that respect their citizens at home and cooperate to advance peace abroad”, then the U. S. policy to Western Balkans has to be considered in that context. The Prespa agreement between Greece and North Macedonia is one form of that approach put in practice. Having in mind Belgrade–Pristina negotiations and Bosnia and Herzegovina’s future as well, the main thesis of this paper is that we may expect some kind of unusual approach from the United States to this region, different from the framework that was set up in the 1990s. That will have consequences both for the region and for the outside great powers, especially the European Union.

scholarly journals THE EVOLUTION OF BILATERAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS THE BOLIVARIAN REPUBLIC OF VENEZUELA IN THE EARLY 21ST CENTURY

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
П. А. Sinovets ◽  
M. R. Nerez
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
International System ◽  
Strategic Culture ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
The Republic

The article is dedicated to the exploration of the Russian strategic culture and its influence on the major foreign and security policy trends of the Russian Federation. In particular, we suggest dividing Russian strategic culture into the three domains, taking roots from the historic, geographic, and religious foundations of the Moscow state. Those are, first, the Third Rome doctrine, having laid the background for the Russian imperial messianism, the immanent rivalry with the West as well as the Russian World idea and the further annexation of Crimea. Second, the “gathering lands” principle added the sacral meaning to the idea of strategic depth and the territory of Russia. As the result, the breakup of the Soviet Union and the enlargement of NATO to the East became the most painful episodes in Russian history, causing the reaction, which led to the confrontational role of Russia in the international system. And “the besieged fortress” principle serves as the element of integrating the Russian state and society as it is based on the idea that only the existence of rivals makes Russia the great state.

scholarly journals Peacekeeping as a Tool of Foreign Policy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maline Meiske ◽  
Andrea Ruggeri
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
International System ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Alliance Politics ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
Methodological Challenges ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy

Peacekeeping is one of the principal activities and foreign policy tools implemented by the international community to create and “maintain international peace and security.” Peacekeeping operations have grown in size and scope since the late 1980s and have included traditional peacekeeping, multidimensional peacekeeping, and peace enforcement. Peacekeeping operations pursue far-reaching objectives ranging from humanitarian assistance and the repatriation of refugees, over the disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of former combatants, to liberal democratic assistance policies. The proliferation and increased scope of peacekeeping operations imply greater significance of peacekeeping as a tool of foreign policy. As such, peacekeeping operations are not deployed solely according to matters of global peace and security, but the deployment of and contribution to peacekeeping operations is increasingly shaped by individual state’s foreign and security policy considerations. An increasing literature studying the supply side of peacekeeping offers a broad range of arguments for why countries contribute to peacekeeping operations referring to realism, liberalism, alliance politics, or domestic politics. Foreign and security policy goals that states try to attain by participating in peacekeeping operations include status enhancement and influence in the international system, the reduction of the threat of conflict diffusion into its own territory and of a potential influx of refugees, or the stabilization of political relations, international trade, and alliance politics. The existing literature leaves some lingering questions and methodological challenges that require further attention. Of particular importance are questions related to the politics of tool choice and the effectiveness of peacekeeping as a tool of foreign policy. Methodological challenges exist regarding data availability and collection as well as the appropriate modelling of cooperation between different organizations conducting peacekeeping operations and the interdependence of countries’ decisions regarding their choice of peacekeeping as a tool of foreign policy.

Coping with U.S. and EU’s challenges? Strategic confusion in the Czech foreign and security policy

2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nik Hynek
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Grand Strategy ◽  
Structural Constraints ◽  
Constitutional Treaty ◽  
Political Thinking ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Political Project

This article traces developments in the Czech political elite’s thinking about structural changes that the region and the country have experienced during the last several years. It is argued that two parallel, external structural constraints have significantly shaped decisions of the Czech political elite as the country has, once again, proven to be an ostensibly “reactive state”. These structural constraints have been the ongoing U.S. recalibration of its grand strategy as well as the financial crisis with a systemic challenge to the European political project in which fiscal and monetary issues have largely replaced previous criticism of the Constitutional Treaty and then the Reform Treaty. It is argued that these developments have posed a notable problem for two predominant ideological convictions present in the Czech political thinking – Atlantism and Europeanism, as neither of them has offered readily answers to deal with such a challenge. As will be shown, this mutually reinforcing dual challenge has further exacerbated previously existing Czech government’s lack of political vision, and resorted to a political mentality which has contained elements of denial, rationalization, and political resignation.

scholarly journals En (for) hurtig kinesisk opstigen til stormagt. Hvor er pauseknappen?

Politik ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Camilla Tenna Nørup Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
International System ◽  
Great Power ◽  
The West ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
International Role ◽  
System Today

What kind of great power is China? e dominant analysis in the West is that Beijing is increasingly acting in a self-con dent and even aggressive way pushing for its own demands and interests. With point of depar- ture in a characteristic of China in the international system today, this article argues that developments in Chinese foreign and security policy in recent years also re ect an insecure, inward-looking and reactive China still struggling with how to handle its new international role and the new and complex challenges and rising expectations that come with it. Consequently, Chinese foreign and security policy is currently in a process of reconstruction to better t China’s new international role as well as the changed domestic conditions and demands. Beijing’s di erent handling of the ongoing con icts in Libya and Syria illustrates this process. 

scholarly journals North Korean strategic culture: survival and security

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35
Author(s):  
Lucia Husenicova
Keyword(s):  
North Korea ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
International System ◽  
Strategic Culture ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
The North ◽  
Ballistic Missiles ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
First Time

Abstract During last year North Korea has made almost daily headline. Topics such as the strongest nuclear test, tests of missiles from medium range ballistic missiles (MRBM) to intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM), readiness to retaliate to any possible U.S. attack, appeared frequently. In addition, the reaction of U.S. president D. Trump about American readiness to solve the issue, sending armada or reacting with fire and fury, were also covered by media all around the world. With these developments a possibility of nuclear war was discussed for the first time since the end of Cold War. This article aims to look closer to the reasons of North Korean behaviour, not only in last few years but within the contest of the concept of strategic culture. This concept has been used to explain behaviour of powers mainly, but the article aims to prove it is a viable tool to explain the motives and perceptions of any state in international system. The article aspires to conclude that the North Korean foreign and security policy is necessary to perceive in more complex picture. The current situation in North Korea is a result of combination of several factors that are determining and that have formed its perception of international relations

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