Afterword IV Case studies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Roche ◽  
Hélène Broutin ◽  
Frédéric Simard
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Evolutionary Ecology ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Buruli Ulcer ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Transmission Control ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control

Through malaria elimination in Italy at the end of 19th century (when the epidemiological situation could be seen as similar to the one present in low-income countries today) and control strategies against Buruli ulcer and schistosomiasis in Africa, we have shown examples demonstrating that the translation of evolutionary ecology knowledge to infectious diseases control in low-income countries can be successful. These successes have reached different stages, from increasing our understanding of the whole infectious system dynamics toward implementation of innovative control strategies in the short term (Buruli ulcer), to improving transmission control by reducing abundance of host population (schistosomiasis in Senegal), as well as ensuring complete disease elimination locally, through a combination of massive reduction of vector populations at key periods and human-population protection and education (malaria in Italy)....

scholarly journals Zoonotic Tuberculosis in Humans: Control, Surveillance, and the One Health Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-144
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Macedo Couto ◽  
Otavio T Ranzani ◽  
Eliseu Alves Waldman
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
One Health ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
And Control

Abstract Zoonotic tuberculosis is a reemerging infectious disease in high-income countries and a neglected one in low- and middle-income countries. Despite major advances in its control as a result of milk pasteurization, its global burden is unknown, especially due the lack of surveillance data. Additionally, very little is known about control strategies. The purpose of this review was to contextualize the current knowledge about the epidemiology of zoonotic tuberculosis and to describe the available evidence regarding surveillance and control strategies in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. We conducted this review enriched by a One Health perspective, encompassing its inherent multifaceted characteristics. We found that the burden of zoonotic tuberculosis is likely to be underreported worldwide, with higher incidence in low-income countries, where the surveillance systems are even more fragile. Together with the lack of specific political commitment, surveillance data is affected by lack of a case definition and limitations of diagnostic methods. Control measures were dependent on risk factors and varied greatly between countries. This review supports the claim that a One Health approach is the most valuable concept to build capable surveillance systems, resulting in effective control measures. The disease characteristics and suggestions to implement surveillance and control programs are discussed.

Drug policy and control at the international level

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Babor ◽  
Jonathan Caulkins ◽  
Benedikt Fischer ◽  
David Foxcroft ◽  
Keith Humphreys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Prescription Medications ◽  
Access To Treatment ◽  
Illicit Markets ◽  
Pain Medications ◽  
Almost All ◽  
And Control ◽  
Illicit Trafficking

International drug control efforts are designed to coordinate domestic laws with international activities that regulate or limit the supply of psychoactive substances. These efforts are organized around three main drug control treaties that almost all countries have ratified in order to prevent illicit trafficking and other drug-related crime, while at the same time allowing access to prescription medications. The effects of the system have been evaluated mostly in terms of the ability to eliminate illicit markets and supply. The gross imbalance in world consumption of legal opiates is a pointer to the limited availability of effective pain medications in many low-income countries, with 80% of the world’s population having either no or inadequate access to treatment for moderate or severe pain.

A Decade After the 2009 Global Recession: Macroeconomic Developments

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150011
Author(s):  
Wee Chian Koh ◽  
Shu Yu
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Fiscal Stimulus ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Global Recession ◽  
The Impact

Emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs) weathered the 2009 global recession relatively well. However, the impact of the global recession varied across economies. EMDEs with stronger pre-crisis fundamentals — such as large foreign exchange reserves, sound fiscal positions, and low inflation — suffered milder growth slowdowns, in part due to their greater capacity to engage in monetary and fiscal stimulus. Low-income countries were also resilient, as foreign aid and inflows of remittances remained relatively stable. In contrast, EMDEs that were heavily dependent on short-term capital flows — such as portfolio investment and cross-border bank lending — fared less well, especially those in Europe and Central Asia. A key lesson for EMDEs is the need to strengthen macroeconomic frameworks and create policy space to prepare for future global downturns.

Injury prevention and control

2021 ◽  
pp. 361-376
Author(s):  
Corinne Peek-Asa ◽  
Adnan A. Hyder
Keyword(s):  
Injury Prevention ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Injury Rates ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
And Control

Injuries are among the leading causes of death and disability throughout the world and contribute disproportionately to premature life lost. Injury rates are highest among middle- and low-income countries. According to analyses of the 2016 Global Burden of Disease data, injuries cause over 4.6 million deaths per year, accounting for nearly 8.4% of all deaths and 10.7% of disability-adjusted life years. Many opportunities to implement injury prevention strategies exist, and a systematic approach to injury prevention can help identify the most effective and efficient approaches. Building capacity for injury prevention activities in low- and middle-income countries is an important public health priority.

Modeling Pedestrian and Motorist Interaction at Semi-Controlled Crosswalks: The Effects of a Change from One-Way to Two-Way Street Operation

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (11) ◽  
pp. 433-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon D. Fricker ◽  
Yunchang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Pavement Markings ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Ordered Logistic Regression ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The One ◽  
Pedestrian Crossing ◽  
And Control

A large number of crosswalks are indicated by pavement markings and signs, but are not signal-controlled. In this paper, such a location is called “semi-controlled.” At locations where such a crosswalk has moderate amounts of pedestrian and vehicle traffic, pedestrians and motorists often engage in a non-verbal “negotiation” to determine who should proceed first. This paper describes the detailed analysis of video recordings of more than 3,400 pedestrian–motorist interactions at semi-controlled crosswalks. The study also took advantage of a conversion from one-way operation in spring 2017 to two-way operation in spring 2018 on the street chosen for data collection and analysis. This permitted before and after studies at the same location. The pedestrian models used mixed effects logistic regression and binary logistic regression to identify factors that influence the likelihood of a pedestrian crossing under specified conditions. The complementary motorist models used generalized ordered logistic regression to identify factors that impact a driver’s likelihood of decelerating, which was found to be a more useful factor than likelihood of yielding to pedestrian. The data showed that 56.5% of drivers slowed down or stopped for pedestrians on the one-way street. This value rose to 63.9% on the same street after it had been converted to two-way operation. Moreover, two-way operation eliminated the effects of the presence of other vehicles on driver behavior. Relationships were found that can lead to policies and control strategies designed to improve the operation of such a crosswalk.

Control System Integration for Dual Clutch Transmissions Based on Modular Approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 390 ◽  
pp. 419-423
Author(s):  
Yong Gang Liu ◽  
Zhen Zhen Lei ◽  
Li Lai Lu ◽  
Liang Chen
Keyword(s):  
System Integration ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Vehicle Control ◽  
Modular Approach ◽  
Control Logic ◽  
Transmission Control ◽  
Modeling Process ◽  
Clutch Control ◽  
And Control

Modular approach has been adopted in this paper to divide DCT transmission control unit into four modules, which are clutch control, synchronizer control, shift assembly control and vehicle control respectively. The function for each module has been analyzed and the control logic relations among these modules have also been established for modular integration. Moreover, the modeling process and control strategies for each module have been established for respective control objection. On this basis, the simulation model of transmission control unit for DCT has been built using the Matlab/Simulink platform, and the simulation has been carried out at given throttle opening. The results show that the control strategy of transmission control unit for DCT has been validated, which provides theoretical basis for DCT product development.

scholarly journals CONCENTRATION IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
LUCA DEIDDA ◽  
BASSAM FATTOUH
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Industry Growth ◽  
Endogenous Growth Model ◽  
Banking Concentration ◽  
Capita Income Growth ◽  
The One ◽  
Opposing Effects

We present an endogenous growth model with two sectors: a real sector where the final good is produced, and a banking sector that intermediates between savers and firms. Banking concentration exerts two opposite effects on growth. On the one hand, it induces economies of specialization, which is beneficial to growth. On the other hand, it results in duplication of banks' investment in fixed capital, which is detrimental to growth. The trade-off between the two opposing effects is ambiguous and can vary along the process of economic development. Hence, there is a potential nonlinear and nonmonotonic relationship between concentration and growth. We test this implication, using cross-country data on income and industry growth. We find that banking concentration is negatively associated with per-capita income growth and industrial growth only in low-income countries. This suggests that reducing concentration is more likely to promote growth in low-income countries than in high-income ones.

8.1 Appraisal and finance of intensive animal production schemes

1981 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 439-448
Author(s):  
W. Schaefer-Kehnert
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Income Level ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Food Of Animal Origin ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Wide Experience ◽  
The One

It is a world-wide experience that economic growth creates an increasing demand for food of animal origin, and, once a certain income level is reached, the demand for food of vegetable origin shrinks. Therefore, the proportion of animal products in the human diet is almost an indicator of the income level achieved by certain population groups or whole countries (excluding vegetarian societies on the one hand and pastoral societies on the other). FAO's provisional food balance sheets (FAO, 1977) indicate that, in most low income countries, animal products contribute less than 10% to total energy intake, whereas in high income countries they contribute almost 50%

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document