A Brief History of Cosmology

The Big Bang ◽

We present the evolution of our ideas concerning the history of the Cosmos. They are based on Einstein’s theory of General Relativity in which E.P. Hubble and G. Lemaître brought two fundamental new concepts: the expansion of the Universe and the model of the Big Bang. They form the basic elements of the modern theory of Cosmology. We present very briefly the observational evidence which corroborates this picture based on a vast amount of data, among which the most recent ones come from the Planck mission with a detailed measurement of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. We show that during its evolution the Universe went through several phase transitions giving rise to the formation of particles, atoms, nuclei, etc. A particular phase transition, which occurred very early in the cosmic history, around 10–12 seconds after the Big Bang, is the Brout–Englert–Higgs (BEH) transition during which a fraction of the energy was transformed into mass, thus making it possible for most elementary particles to become massive.

Dynamo effects in gravity

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201912702009 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 127 ◽

pp. 02009

Author(s):

Boris Shevtsov

Keyword(s):

Gravitational Constant ◽

Nonlinear Oscillations ◽

Big Bang ◽

Baryon Asymmetry ◽

System Of Equations ◽

Fractal Structures ◽

The Big Bang ◽

The Universe ◽

Made In

Nonlinear oscillations in the dynamic system of gravitational and material fields are considered. The problems of singularities and caustics in gravity, expansion and baryon asymmetry of the Universe, wave prohibition of collapse into black holes, and failure of the Big Bang concept are discussed. It is assumed that the effects of the expansion of the Universe are coupling with the reverse collapse of dark matter. This hypothesis is used to substantiate the vortex and fractal structures in the distribution of matter. A system of equations is proposed for describing turbulent and fluctuation processes in gravitational and material fields. Estimates of the di usion parameters of such a system are made in comparison with the gravitational constant.

From cosmos to intelligent life: the four ages of astrobiology

International Journal of Astrobiology ◽

10.1017/s1473550412000237 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 345-350 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Marcelo Gleiser

Keyword(s):

Chemical Elements ◽

Life Forms ◽

Big Bang ◽

Self Awareness ◽

First Stars ◽

History Of ◽

Life On Earth ◽

The Big Bang ◽

The Universe ◽

Intelligent Life

AbstractThe history of life on Earth and in other potential life-bearing planetary platforms is deeply linked to the history of the Universe. Since life, as we know, relies on chemical elements forged in dying heavy stars, the Universe needs to be old enough for stars to form and evolve. The current cosmological theory indicates that the Universe is 13.7 ± 0.13 billion years old and that the first stars formed hundreds of millions of years after the Big Bang. At least some stars formed with stable planetary systems wherein a set of biochemical reactions leading to life could have taken place. In this paper, I argue that we can divide cosmological history into four ages, from the Big Bang to intelligent life. The physical age describes the origin of the Universe, of matter, of cosmic nucleosynthesis, as well as the formation of the first stars and Galaxies. The chemical age began when heavy stars provided the raw ingredients for life through stellar nucleosynthesis and describes how heavier chemical elements collected in nascent planets and Moons gave rise to prebiotic biomolecules. The biological age describes the origin of early life, its evolution through Darwinian natural selection and the emergence of complex multicellular life forms. Finally, the cognitive age describes how complex life evolved into intelligent life capable of self-awareness and of developing technology through the directed manipulation of energy and materials. I conclude discussing whether we are the rule or the exception.

Is the expansion of universe accelerating or the Photons decelerating?

International Journal of Advanced Astronomy ◽

10.14419/ijaa.v3i1.4531 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 40

Author(s):

Hasmukh Tank

Keyword(s):

Big Bang ◽

Time Dilation ◽

Red Shift ◽

Light Curves ◽

Accelerated Expansion ◽

Gravitational Acceleration ◽

Pi Mesons ◽

The Big Bang ◽

Astronomical observations of the cosmological red-shift are currently interpreted in terms of ‘expansion of universe’ and ‘accelerated-expansion of the universe’, at the rate of H0 c; here H0 is Hubble’s constant, and c is the speed of light. Whereas a straight-forward derivation presented here suggests that: rather it is the photon which is decelerating, at the rate of H0 c. Such a deceleration of photons can be caused by virtual electrons, positrons and pi-mesons, contained in the extra galactic quantum vacuum, because: they do have gravitational-acceleration of the same order as H0 c at their “surfaces”; or by decay of a photon into a lighter photon and a particle of mass h H0 / c2. Tired-light interpretations of the cosmological red-shift’ were so far considered as not compatible with the observations of ‘time-dilation of super-novae light-curves’; so in a paper titled: “Wave-theoretical insight into the relativistic ‘length-contraction’ and ‘time-dilation of super-novae light-curves’” (Tank, Hasmukh K. 2013), it has been already shown that any mechanism which can cause ‘cosmological red-shift’ will also cause ‘time-dilation of super-novae light-curves’. Therefore, we now need not to remain confined to the Big-Bang model of cosmology.

Deuterium in the Galaxy

Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia ◽

10.1017/s1323358000014910 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 100-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. D. Brown

Keyword(s):

Great Majority ◽

Big Bang ◽

Baryon Density ◽

The Galaxy ◽

Mass Fractions ◽

Sensitive Function ◽

The Big Bang ◽

Deuterium Production ◽

There have been a number of attempts made in the last decade or two to observe deuterium in parts of the universe other than here in Earth. It is of interest merely to detect deuterium elsewhere just as it is to detect the occurrence of any nuclide. However in the case of deuterium there is a special interest because in big-bang cosmologies the great majority of deuterium in the universe is considered to have been formed in the initial fireball (Wagoner, 1973). Any observation of the present abundance of deuterium thus might give information about the very early stages of the creation of the universe. Detailed studies of nucleosynthesis during the early expansion of hot big-bang universes have however indicated a particular feature of deuterium production. (Fig. 1) The mass fraction produced X(D) is a very sensitive function of the size of the universe, as measured say by the present baryon density ϱb. Other nuclides that are mainly produced in the early expansion, such as 4He, have mass fractions less dependent on ϱb. Thus if we adopt the big-bang model for our universe we can determine ϱb from observations of X(D). Apart from any intrinsic interest in the present density of the’universe, there is considerable interest in whether the value is great enough for the present expansion to halt and go over to a collapse — or so small that the expansion of the universe will go on forever.

Quasi-Steady State Cosmology

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900175199 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 159 ◽

pp. 293-299

Author(s):

G. Burbidge ◽

F. Hoyle ◽

J.V. Narlikar

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Early Universe ◽

Particle Physics ◽

Physical Theory ◽

Big Bang ◽

Quasi Steady State ◽

Recent Developments ◽

History Of ◽

The Big Bang ◽

The standard big bang cosmology has the universe created out of a primeval explosion that not only created matter and radiation but also spacetime itself. The big bang event itself cannot be discussed within the framework of a physical theory but the events following it are in principle considered within the scope of science. The recent developments on the frontier between particle physics and cosmology highlight the attempts to chart the history of the very early universe.

Large Scale Anisotropy of the Cosmic Microwave Background

Symposium - International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s0074180900235493 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 63 ◽

pp. 157-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. B. Partridge

Keyword(s):

Angular Distribution ◽

Large Scale ◽

Background Radiation ◽

Big Bang ◽

Microwave Background ◽

Initial State ◽

Microwave Background Radiation ◽

Cosmological Data ◽

The Big Bang ◽

It is now generally accepted that the microwave background radiation, discovered in 1965 (Penzias and Wilson, 1965; Dicke et al., 1965), is cosmological in origin. Measurements of the spectrum of the radiation, discussed earlier in this volume by Blair, are consistent with the idea that the radiation is in fact a relic of a hot, dense, initial state of the Universe – the Big Bang. If the radiation is cosmological, measurements of both its spectrum and its angular distribution are capable of providing important – and remarkably precise – cosmological data.

Dark Matter in the Universe

Highlights of Astronomy ◽

10.1017/s1539299600006134 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

pp. 27-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Vera C. Rubin

Keyword(s):

Dark Matter ◽

Deceleration Parameter ◽

Big Bang ◽

Theoretical Cosmology ◽

Observational Cosmology ◽

The Past ◽

The Galaxy ◽

The Big Bang ◽

Thirty years ago, observational cosmology consisted of the search for two numbers: Ho, the rate of expansion of the universe at the position of the Galaxy; and qo, the deceleration parameter. Twenty years ago, the discovery of the relic radiation from the Big Bang produced another number, 3oK. But it is the past decade which has seen the enormous development in both observational and theoretical cosmology. The universe is known to be immeasurably richer and more varied than we had thought. There is growing acceptance of a universe in which most of the matter is not luminous. Nature has played a trick on astronomers, for we thought we were studying the universe. We now know that we were studying only the small fraction of it that is luminous. I suspect that this talk this evening is the first IAU Discourse devoted to something that astronomers cannot see at any wavelength: Dark Matter in the Universe.

The Emergence of Time: Kant, Bergson, and Modern Physics

KronoScope ◽

10.1163/15685241-12341261 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 96-111

Author(s):

Christophe Bouton

Keyword(s):

History Of Science ◽

Big Bang ◽

History Of Philosophy ◽

Human Being ◽

Modern Physics ◽

History Of ◽

The Big Bang ◽

Abstract This paper deals with the problem of the emergence of time in three different ways, at the intersection of the history of philosophy and the history of science: 1) the emergence of time with subjectivity examined on the basis of Kant’s idealism; 2) the emergence of time with life, considered in the light of the work of Bergson; 3) the emergence of time with the Universe, in relation to the notions of ‘The Big Bang’ and ‘The Planck Wall’. It concludes that the idea of the emergence of time is inconsistent in a diachronic sense, and problematic in a synchronic sense. One meaning could, however, be accorded to this notion: with life, a new relation to time has emerged and has attained one of its most developed forms with the human being.

Hypothesis of Quantum Gravity - Resulting from a Static, Topological Universe Resulting from the Positives and Negatives of the Steady State and Big Bang Theories

10.20944/preprints202105.0239.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rodney Bartlett

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Big Bang ◽

Proof Of Concept ◽

Wick Rotation ◽

Stepping Stones ◽

Stephen Hawking ◽

History Of ◽

Full Solution ◽

The Big Bang ◽

This hypothesis is the result of my conviction that science will oneday prove everything in space and time is part of a unification. In "A Brief History of Time", Stephen Hawking wrote, "If everything in the universe depends on everything else in a fundamental way, it might be impossible to get close to a full solution (of the universe's puzzles) by investigating parts of the problem (such as general relativity and quantum mechanics) in isolation." The goal: to establish a “proof of concept” to which equations can be added. It’s concluded the Steady State, Big Bang, Inflation and Multiverse theories all ultimately fail and a topological model including bits (binary digits), Mobius strips, figure-8 Klein bottles and Wick rotation works better. The failed cosmologies have impressive points leading to the idea that they’re all necessary stepping-stones. For example, the Big Bang is seen here as violation of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics but its supposed origin from quantum fluctuations is reminiscent of bits switching between 1 and 0. The topological hypothesis has potential to explain dark matter, dark energy, and electromagnetic-gravitational union. Finally, the article introduces what is called vector-tensor-scalar geometry - and extensions of Einstein's Gravity and Maxwell's Electromagnetism.

The Battle for the Cosmos!

The Cosmic Mystery Tour ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198831860.003.0011 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 84-92

Author(s):

Nicholas Mee

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Cosmic Microwave Background ◽

Big Bang ◽

State Theory ◽

Microwave Background ◽

George Gamow ◽

Big Bang Theory ◽

Fred Hoyle ◽

The Big Bang ◽

We now know the universe began with the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago, but for several years debate raged between the supporters of the Big Bang theory led by George Gamow and supporters of the Steady State theory led by Fred Hoyle. Hoyle showed that the elements were synthesized in the stars, not in the Big Bang as Gamow believed. But Gamow’s colleagues Alpher and Herman predicted the existence of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) created immediately after the Big Bang. The CMB was discovered by Penzias and Wilson and this provided the crucial evidence that the Big Bang theory is correct. The CMB has since been studied in detail by a series of space probes.