Contextualism and the Logic of Knowledge

2019 ◽  
pp. 129-148
Author(s):  
Robert C. Stalnaker
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Logic ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Knowledge Attribution ◽  
Epistemic Situation ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Logic Of Knowledge ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Analysis Of Knowledge ◽  
Abstract Framework

A discussion of contextualist accounts of knowledge, and of the epistemic logic that is appropriate to them. David Lewis’s account is compared and contrasted with an alternative, a version of an information-theoretic, “normal conditions” analysis of knowledge. The two accounts are formulated in a common abstract framework making it possible to clarify the structural features they share, and those on which they differ. Central concerns of the discussion are the interplay between facts about the attributor’s context and facts about the subject of the knowledge attribution, and the dynamics of knowledge attribution as contexts shift in response to changes in the epistemic situation of both the attributors and the subject.

POSTMODERN DÖNEMDE TÜKETİCİYİ ANLAMAK, REKLAMLARDA KULLANILAN ARKETİPLERİN POSTMODERN TÜKETİCİ İLE İLİŞKİSİ: TÜRKİYENİN EN DEĞERLİ 20 MARKASININ YOUTUBE REKLAMLARININ ÖRNEĞİ

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (15) ◽  
pp. 454-481
Author(s):  
Engincan Doğmuş
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Production ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Content Analysis Method ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Consumption Change ◽  
World Environment

Postmodern culture, which developed after the modern period, is in a structure in which postfordist consumption understanding is adopted instead of fordist consumption and consumption for image purposes is at the forefront. In this context, brands create their images in order to be remembered in the current culture and to create a lifestyle for the continuity of consumption. The creation process of images, on the other hand, is through advertisements where the continuous production and consumption of high reality and commodities is made, and it shows a common development with postmodern culture brand images. Within the scope of the study, a descriptive approach and content analysis method were preferred in order to make sense of how brand images are produced through advertisements in the postmodern period and to deal with the constructing dimension. Accordingly, the top 10 brands in the ranking of the Brand Finance 2021 Turkey Report were selected as a sample and the ads of the selected brands between 1 June 2021 and 5 June 2021 with the theme of world environment day were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, within the framework of advertising and consumption; brand images in the postmodern period, where there are higher realities, fragmented consumer structure, production and consumption change places and the subject is decentralized; Impressions can be evaluated in various ways such as symbolism, personification, meanings and messages and psychological elements. Looking at the general position, it has been concluded that the structural features of postmodernity are effective in creating and creating brand image characters, and in this respect, it shapes brand images.

scholarly journals Ethnic peculiarities of fairy tale folklore of the bulgarians from Moldova as an element of traditional culture in a regional manifestation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadejda Cara ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fairy Tales ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Fairy Tale ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Ethnic Culture ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Different Levels

The article presents some research approaches to the fairy-tale folklore of Bulgarians from the Republic of Moldova. According to the author, the fairy-tales texts of Bulgarians from the Republic of Moldova, their semantic, symbolic, and structural features should be researched as a local (regional) variant of Bulgarian folklore. Identification of ethnocultural markers in the fairy-tales of local Bulgarians on some different levels (such as on the subject, ethno-social and spiritual (church-religious) level) will allow to identify some peculiarities in the adaptation process of Bulgarians that migrated to a new ethnocultural zone, as well as to identify the level of preservation of basic ethnic mentality under the conditions of new “mental environment”. Thus, the study of regional ethnic culture is an interdisciplinary research, which allows discovering how localization in time and space affects ethnic culture, in general, and oral folk art, in particular.

scholarly journals Some Characteristics of Interstellar Gas in the Galaxy

1970 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 22-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold F. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Gas Dynamics ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Interstellar Gas ◽  
Great Breadth ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
The Subject

The task assigned for this review is to discuss structural features of the Galaxy as they may involve or relate to gas dynamics. Since a topic of such great breadth would permit discussion of essentially any aspect of the Galaxy, we shall narrow the view and direct attention primarily towards the larger-scale features of the system. In particular, effort will be made to place emphasis on those areas of the subject in which problems of interpretation exist and in which new theoretical models are needed.

scholarly journals Universals of word order reflect optimization of grammars for efficient communication

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (5) ◽  
pp. 2347-2353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Hahn ◽  
Dan Jurafsky ◽  
Richard Futrell
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Neural Network Models ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Large Scale Data ◽  
Efficient Communication ◽  
Universal Properties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scale Data

The universal properties of human languages have been the subject of intense study across the language sciences. We report computational and corpus evidence for the hypothesis that a prominent subset of these universal properties—those related to word order—result from a process of optimization for efficient communication among humans, trading off the need to reduce complexity with the need to reduce ambiguity. We formalize these two pressures with information-theoretic and neural-network models of complexity and ambiguity and simulate grammars with optimized word-order parameters on large-scale data from 51 languages. Evolution of grammars toward efficiency results in word-order patterns that predict a large subset of the major word-order correlations across languages.

scholarly journals Pleochroic haloes of various geological agnes

1923 ◽  
Vol 102 (719) ◽  
pp. 682-705 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Features ◽  
Reversal Theory ◽  
Turn On ◽  
The Subject

This paper is concerned with the radio-active phenomena apparent in micas of various Geological Agnes, but more especially in the black micas of Ytterby and Arendal. They are, I believe, sufficiently remarkable to merit record, even if much that has been observed remain but partially explained, or even not explained at all. The subject of “reversal” enters conspicuously into a consideration of the observation on the more ancient holes. The theory of reversal (using the word in the photographic sense of the term) originated in the difficulty of finding in any other way an explanation of the sequence in which the structural features of haloes develop.* The haloes the under consideration were the Devonian haloes of the Co. Carlow(Ballyellen) mica On the reversal theory these holes would be described as “positives.” In Archæan micas, under conditions of longevity far in excess of the palæozoic haloes, developments have occurred which can be brought under the same theory; but the haloes concerned must be described as “negatives.” Whether in these very ancient micas we have positive or negatives seems to turn on the radio-active strength of the nucleus. Again we have Uranium haloes in which some parts are negative (reversed) and other positive.

Corrosion of Si3N4-Ceramics in Acids and Basics

2006 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 148-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jochen Schilm ◽  
Mathias Herrmann ◽  
G. Michael
Keyword(s):  
Silicon Nitride ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Corrosion Behavior ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Boundary Phase ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Corrosion Mechanisms ◽  
Si3n4 Ceramics ◽  
Made In

The corrosion behavior of silicon nitride materials in aqueous media strongly depends on the composition and amount of the grain boundary. But there exist no systematic investigations of the relation between the corrosion behavior and the composition and amount of the grain-boundary phase. The subject of this study is based on the evaluation of the corrosion mechanisms of Si3N4 ceramics and YSiAlON glasses, both with defined and characterized compositions, in acidic and basic environments with different concentrations. Special effort has been made in describing the compositions of grain boundary phases in the sintered Si3N4 ceramics. A model to describe structural features of YSiAlON-glasses was developed which allows the correlation of the corrosion behavior of the ceramics and the glasses with their compositions. In combination with SEM and TEM investigations it became possible to give structural reasons for the different observed corrosion mechanisms.

scholarly journals The Influence of Pragmatic Norms on the English Proverbs

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr.Hamid Suleiman Khalaf Kadhim
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cooperative Principle ◽  
Scientific Investigations ◽  
Illocutionary Acts ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Maxim Of Quality ◽  
The One

In human languages proverbs constitute a very important aspect of language use. Thus, they have been a subject of varying attention from different specialists: linguists and language users in general. Shakespeare is described as the most adroit user of proverbs in literature; therefore, his plays have been the subject of numerous scientific investigations, whereby from a linguistic point of view the focus has primarily been aimed at vocabulary and grammar. On the one hand, attention has been paid regularly to lexical items because Shakespeare is supposed to have been a great innovator of words due to his coinage of new lexemes and his usage of several unknown expressions. Linguistic studies have also been concerned with grammatical constructions which are typical of the English at Shakespeare’s time. Many writers employ proverbs in their works but Shakespeare is different in the way he employs proverbs which are used to serve different functions and to achieve different illocutionary acts. These proverbs are embedded in the flow of conversations and they may flout one or more than one of Grice‘s maxims. The present study aims at analyzing proverbs and explaining how far Grice’s cooperative principles (maxims) are abided by in Shakespeare’s proverbs as specified in the data. Proverbs are sometimes said to mean something else in addition to what is explicitly stated. Words may mean something beyond those intended by the speaker or the writer. These extra meanings might achieve or refer to different illocutionary acts. The study explores whether or not these illocutionary acts share certain structural features. In order to achieve the aims of the research, the following hypotheses have been proposed: Grice’s cooperative principle is frequently flouted in Shakespeare’s proverbs. The maxim of Quality seems to be flouted more than the other maxims. This maxim is mainly flouted by the use of metaphor. Shakespeare’s proverbs are also characterized by the use of the speech

scholarly journals Predicting the Availability of Understory Structural Features Important for Canadian Lynx Denning Habitat on Managed Lands in Northeastern Washington Lynx Ranges

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 224-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Gilbert ◽  
Wade Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Stand Structure ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Theoretic Model ◽  
Habitat Suitability Model ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Downed Wood ◽  
Line Intercept

Abstract Stands identified as potential Canadian lynx denning habitat by a habitat suitability model were sampled in northeastern Washington for stand structure and understory structural features identified as important for denning lynx. Potential den structures were quantified by use of strip transects, and stand structure was quantified through an enhanced forest inventory approach focused on assessing understory and downed wood conditions. Information theoretic model selection methods indicated that the best model to predict potential denning understory structure availability included downed wood abundance, total basal area, and average stand diameter. The strong predictive ability of our models suggest that understory features important to denning lynx can be predicted using traditional inventory data with the addition of a downed wood line intercept methodology. In general, our study supports the suggestion that assessing downed wood availability will effectively address concerns over quantifying the availability of understory structural features identified as being important at lynx den sites. West. J. Appl. For. 20(4):224–227.

STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF AGRICULTURAL MANUFACTURING COMPANIES INTEGRATED ASSOCIATIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-392
Author(s):  
Alona PIVEN
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Alliances ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Structural Reorganization ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Subjective Factor ◽  
The Subject

The study is devoted to defining the essential content of integration as a process, revealing the features of integrated associations in terms of their structure, taking into account the specifics of agro-industrial production. The theoretical basis of the analysis was the understanding of the economic entities’ integration as a multi-level process of systemic transformation, which implies qualitative changes at each stage of integration growth. A concepts differentiation of the “subject” and “subjective factor” is presented based on the meaning understanding of the subject as a structure element of integrated associations. It is recognized that the economic entity acts as a carrier of certain properties and potentials, in particular – integrative, and subjective factor – the action of the subjects aimed at achieving a specific goal. In order to provide a methodological apparatus for qualitative systematic analysis of potential types, forms and methods of forming integrated associations of agricultural production enterprises, taking into account the specific objectives of the association, a typology of integration was proposed, which included decentralized integration, partially centralized integration and centralized integration. The levels of economic entities integration according to the elements that are part of the integration group are highlighted: the level of enterprise interaction, the level of corporate interaction, the level of industry interaction. Structural peculiarities of integrated structures functioning of agroindustrial production on cluster bases (based on rationalization of transformations in the field of interbranch exchange, structural reorganization and innovation-investment modernization of the enterprises-members of the unions, improvement of the level of economic efficiency and competitiveness due to obtaining synergistic effects of economic interaction) and on the basis of strategic alliances are disclosed. Network connections in the cluster structures development with an emphasis on the integration degree of these connections subjects are explored. The strategic management imperative of the integration structural parameters in the agro-food complex is formulated – the corporate structures organization in the form of industrial and social clusters, which is the nucleus around which suppliers, enterprises and consumers of other industries are closely connected with the cluster core of the territorial-industrial complex. Keywords: agro-industry, agrarian enterprises, integrated alliances, clusters, strategic alliances.

Knowledge, defeasibility theory of

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marshall Swain
Keyword(s):  
True Belief ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Theory Of Knowledge ◽  
Gettier Cases ◽  
Ethical Concept ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Analysis Of Knowledge

Based upon an analogy with the legal and ethical concept of a defeasible, or prima facie, obligation, epistemic defeasibility was introduced into epistemology as an ingredient in one of the main strategies for dealing with Gettier cases. In these cases, an individual’s justified true belief fails to count as knowledge because the justification is defective as a source of knowledge. According to the defeasibility theory of knowledge, the defect involved can be characterized in terms of evidence that the subject does not possess which overrides, or defeats, the subject’s prima facie justification for belief. This account holds that knowledge is indefeasibly justified true belief. It has significant advantages over other attempts to modify the traditional analysis of knowledge in response to the Gettier examples. Care must be taken, however, in the definition of defeasibility.

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