From Pallium to Cortex

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Thomas Boraud
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
General Increase ◽  
Encephalization Quotient ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
The Brain

This chapter assesses what the development of the cortex brings to the behavioural capacity of vertebrates, culminating with the theory of mind in humans. Two behavioural characteristics, related to each other, distinguish mammals from other vertebrates. The first is a period of dependence of infant mammals that can last several years. The second is play. Although the function of this activity is still debated, it is certain that it has a central role in the learning of foraging and social behaviour. Another property that is almost exclusive to mammals is the ability to recognize oneself. These specific behavioural features are correlated with a general increase in the encephalization quotient and also the ratio between the size of the telencephalon and the rest of the brain. This chapter then goes on to look at the unique capacities of humans, including language, the ability to anticipate, and consciousness.

Is the Human Brain Unique?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack M. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
The Future ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
The Brain

Some scientists now argue that humans are really not superior to other species, including our nearest genetic neighbors, chimpanzees and bonobos. Indeed, those animals seem capable of many things previously thought to be uniquely human, including a sense of the future, empathy, depression, and theory of mind. However, it is clear that humans alone produce speech, dominate the globe, and have several brain diseases like schizophrenia. There are three possible sources within the brain for these differences in brain function: in the structure of the brain, in genes coding for proteins in the brain, and in the level of expression of genes in the brain. There is evidence that all three are the case, giving us a place to look for the intersection of the human mind and brain: the expression of genes within neurons of the prefrontal cortex.

Attributions on the brain: Neuro-imaging dispositional inferences, beyond theory of mind

NeuroImage ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 763-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lasana T. Harris ◽  
Alexander Todorov ◽  
Susan T. Fiske
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Neuro Imaging ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Affective neuroscience and psychiatry

2007 ◽  
Vol 191 (3) ◽  
pp. 192-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil A. Harrison ◽  
Hugo D. Critchley
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Neural Control ◽  
Affective Neuroscience ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Current Therapies ◽  
Emotional Behaviour ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Novel Therapeutic

SummaryAffective neuroscience addresses the brain mechanisms underlying emotional behaviour. In psychiatry, affective neuroscience finds application not only in understanding the neurobiology of mood disorders, but also by providing a framework for understanding the neural control of interpersonal and social behaviour and processes that underlie psychopathology. By providing a coherent conceptual framework, affective neuroscience is increasingly able to provide a mechanistic explanatory understanding of current therapies and is driving the development of novel therapeutic approaches.

Is There a Social Module? Language, Face Processing, and Theory of Mind in Individuals with Williams Syndrome

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Karmiloff-Smith ◽  
Edward Klima ◽  
Ursula Bellugi ◽  
Julia Grant ◽  
Simon Baron-Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Williams Syndrome ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Brain

Many species can respond to the behavior of their conspecifics. Human children, and perhaps some nonhuman primates, also have the capacity to respond to the mental states of their conspecifics, i.e., they have a “theory of mind.” On the basis of previous research on the theory-of-mind impairment in people with autism, together with animal models of intentionality, Brothers and Ring (1992) postulated a broad cognitive module whose function is to build representations of other individuals. We evaluate the details of this hypothesis through a series of experiments on language, face processing, and theory of mind carried out with subjects with Williams syndrome, a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder resulting in an uneven lin-guisticocognitive profile. The results are discussed in terms of how the comparison of different phenotypes (e.g., Williams syndrome, Down syndrome, autism, and hydrocephaly with associated myelomeningocele) can contribute both to understanding the neuropsychology of social cognition and to current thinking about the purported modularity of the brain.

scholarly journals Theory of Mind and the Brain in Anorexia Nervosa: Relation to Treatment Outcome

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 832-841.e11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schulte-Rüther ◽  
Verena Mainz ◽  
Gereon R. Fink ◽  
Beate Herpertz-Dahlmann ◽  
Kerstin Konrad
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Physiological Basis of Nonmemory Cognition in Alzheimers Disease-An Overview

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
A. S. V. Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Social Behaviour ◽  
Alzheimers Disease ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Five Senses ◽  
Higher Brain Functions ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer's (AD) disease is foremost of the neurodegenerative diseases affecting cognition. Though memory, out of all cognitive functions of the brain, received much attention, the nonmemory cognitive functions including the higher brain functions, are equally important. In fact what is perceived by the five senses is the basis of our learning, what is learned thus, is stored in the brain as memory of various types and the retrieved memory appropriate to the situation is the basis for higher brain functions.Thus all are interconnected when overall cognitivefunctions of the brain are considered. This article focuses on the nonmemory functions of the brain (like attention, perception, language and learning) as well as higher brain functions like (thinking. planning, execution, judgement, emotional and social behaviour etc). Their physiological basis as well as how they are affected in AD are discussed in this article.

scholarly journals The Effects of Tryptamine Psychedelics in the Brain: A meta-Analysis of Functional and Review of Molecular Imaging Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
João Castelhano ◽  
Gisela Lima ◽  
Marta Teixeira ◽  
Carla Soares ◽  
Marta Pais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
The Brain

There is an increasing interest in the neural effects of psychoactive drugs, in particular tryptamine psychedelics, which has been incremented by the proposal that they have potential therapeutic benefits, based on their molecular mimicry of serotonin. It is widely believed that they act mainly through 5HT2A receptors but their effects on neural activation of distinct brain systems are not fully understood. We performed a quantitative meta-analysis of brain imaging studies to investigate the effects of substances within this class (e.g., LSD, Psilocybin, DMT, Ayahuasca) in the brain from a molecular and functional point of view. We investigated the question whether the changes in activation patterns and connectivity map into regions with larger 5HT1A/5HT2A receptor binding, as expected from indolaemine hallucinogens (in spite of the often reported emphasis only on 5HT2AR). We did indeed find that regions with changed connectivity and/or activation patterns match regions with high density of 5HT2A receptors, namely visual BA19, visual fusiform regions in BA37, dorsal anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, and regions involved in theory of mind such as the surpramarginal gyrus, and temporal cortex (rich in 5HT1A receptors). However, we also found relevant patterns in other brain regions such as dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Moreover, many of the above-mentioned regions also have a significant density of both 5HT1A/5HT2A receptors, and available PET studies on the effects of psychedelics on receptor occupancy are still quite scarce, precluding a metanalytic approach. Finally, we found a robust neuromodulatory effect in the right amygdala. In sum, the available evidence points towards strong neuromodulatory effects of tryptamine psychedelics in key brain regions involved in mental imagery, theory of mind and affective regulation, pointing to potential therapeutic applications of this class of substances.

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