Richer but Not Happier: Four Areas of Reforms in the Next Phase of Development in China

2019 ◽  
pp. 139-145
Author(s):  
Shang-Jin Wei ◽  
Xiaobo Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Market Competition ◽  
Marriage Market ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Competitive Pressure ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Utility Loss ◽  
Sex Ratio Imbalance ◽  
Additional Income

Despite rapid economic growth, the proportion of people who report to be happy has declined and male adult mortality has increased in the past decade in China. This is a case of immiserizing growth—growth that comes with a lower level of welfare. We explore several potential causes of immiserizing growth: rising inequality, corruption, air pollution, and competitive pressure. Increasing marriage market competition due to a rise in the sex ratio imbalance seems to be a leading contributing factor. Facing intensive marriage market competition, parents with sons have to work harder and take more risks, which in turn diminishes happiness. The gain in utility as a result of additional income growth is not sufficient to offset the utility loss in the process of pursuing wealth

The effect of auditor narcissism on audit market competition

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hojat Mohammadi ◽  
Mahdi Salehi ◽  
Meysam Arabzadeh ◽  
Hassan Ghodrati
Keyword(s):  
Financial Markets ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Audit Quality ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Competitive Pressure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Listed Firms ◽  
Audit Market

Purpose This paper aims to assess auditor narcissism’s effect on audit market competition (auditor concentration, clients’ concentration and competitive pressure). Design/methodology/approach This paper’s method is descriptive-correlational based on published information from listed firms on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2012 to 2018 using a sample of 188 firms (1,310 observations). The method used for hypothesis testing is linear regression using panel data. Findings The results show a negative and significant relationship between auditor narcissism and audit market competition and its indices, including auditor concentration, clients’ concentration and competitive pressure. Moreover, a positive and significant relationship was observed between audit quality and audit market competition and its indices, including auditor concentration, client concentration and competitive pressure. Originality/value To analyzes competition indices in the audit market (auditor concentration, clients’ concentration and competitive pressure). The variable is assessed once more using the exploratory factor analysis of the so-called three variables single variable, named audit market competition. So the central question of the study is investigated within a broader sense. Moreover, as the present study is carried out in the emergent financial markets with extremely competitive audit markets to figure out the effect of auditors’ intrinsic characteristics on such markets’ competitiveness, it can provide useful information in this field.

scholarly journals Adult Mortality and Modern Growth

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Fiaschi ◽  
Tamara Fioroni
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Mortality Decline ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Adult Survival ◽  
Adult Longevity ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Adult Survival Rate

This chapter explores the role of increased adult longevity and technological progress in the transition from Malthusian equilibrium to modern growth. Empirical evidence suggests a general upward trend in life expectancy at birth and in adult survival rate of countries and a positive correlation between these two variables and income. A first strand of literature investigates the causes of mortality decline in western countries. Scholars can be divided into two main groups: the first attributes the observed mortality decline mainly to income growth via better nutrition, and the second emphasizes the role of public health and sanitary intervention. Meanwhile, a second strand of literature explores various channels through which mortality decline affects income.

China: Energy, Environment, and Limits to Growth

China–India ◽  
2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minqi Li
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Ecological Sustainability ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Limits To Growth ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Environment ◽  
Very High

China has achieved rapid economic growth over the past three decades. However, the benefits of growth have not been shared evenly and the growth has been achieved with very high environmental costs. The underlying trends in term of air pollution, water usage and pollution, soil erosion and land degradation, as well as energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions are unsustainable. The current trends could potentially lead to major collapses of China’s as well as the global ecological systems. It is unlikely that the current trends can be reversed within an economic system dominated by private ownership of the means of production and market competition. An alternative system based on democratic planning and social needs may be required for China to deliver ecological sustainability while meeting the population’s basic needs.

Some Emerging Issues in the Demography of Medieval England and Prospects for their Future Investigation

2018 ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Richard Smith
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Medieval England ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Male Mortality ◽  
Marriage Patterns ◽  
Demographic Indicators ◽  
Emerging Issues ◽  
Female Marriage

This brief overview of recent and possible future areas for developments in the field of medieval English demography examines recent work on male mortality and female marriage patterns, focusing especially on analysis of the inquisitiones post mortem and various other manorial records. It stresses the degree of uncertainty surrounding demographic analyses based on these data, and the challenges facing those who seek to derive demographic indicators. It concludes that much more is now known with some confidence about male adult mortality than female nuptiality and hence fertility, leading to considerable asymmetry in our current basic demographic knowledge.

Why Migrant Workers in China Continue to Build Large Houses in Home Villages: A Case Study of a Migrant-Sending Village in Anhui

Modern China ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-554
Author(s):  
Chen Chen
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Marriage Market ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Female Migrants ◽  
Sex Ratio Imbalance

This article uses a case study of a migrant-sending village in Anhui to understand why migrant workers build large houses in home villages. The rural sex-ratio imbalance at marriageable ages, heightened by the rural-urban migration of women, has led to an increase in the negotiating power of young women in the rural marriage market. Young men’s families construct large houses to attract potential brides and facilitate patrilocal residence. The lack of maternity leave and affordable childcare in migrant destination cities encourages female migrants to return to the countryside to give birth to and raise children. Large rural houses offer young female migrants comfortable places to live and privacy when they cohabitate with their parents-in-law, who help them raise their children. Although most new-generation migrant workers do not have agricultural experience, rural areas are important to this generation because they provide affordable housing and family support.

scholarly journals Generating age-specific mortality statistics from incomplete death registration data: two applications of the empirical completeness method

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Adair ◽  
Alan D Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Data ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Death Registration ◽  
Average Correlation ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Mortality Statistics ◽  
Registration Data ◽  
Specific Mortality ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
Mortality Estimates

Abstract Background The study aims to assess two approaches that apply the empirical completeness method to generate age-specific mortality statistics from incomplete death registration systems. Methods We use the empirical completeness method to calculate all-age death registration completeness, which is used with a model life table to generate mortality statistics and age-specific completeness using (1) the conventional method and (2) the equivalent deaths method. The results are compared with a capture-recapture (C-RC) study and three alternative mortality estimates for Brazilian states, and C-RC studies in Thailand, Oman and Vietnam, which independently estimate the level and age pattern of mortality or completeness. Results The empirical completeness method produces similar estimates of all-age completeness of registration to the C-RC studies. Compared with C-RC studies, at 15-59 years, the conventional method’s estimates of mortality and completeness are more concordant, while at 60-84 years the equivalent death method’s estimates are closer. Estimates of life expectancy from the two approaches each have similar concordance with the C-RC studies. For male adult mortality in Brazilian states, there is relatively strong average correlation of this study's estimates with three alternative estimates. Conclusions The two approaches produce mortality statistics from incomplete data that are mostly concordant with C-RC studies, and can be most usefully applied to subnational populations.

scholarly journals MONETARY INCOMES OF THE POPULATION AS AN INDICATOR OF QUALITY OF LIFE IN THE REGION (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ASTRAKHAN REGION)

2017 ◽  
pp. 37-49
Author(s):  
Svetlana Nikolaevna Konnova ◽  
Ekaterina Olegovna Cheremnyh ◽  
Ekaterina Vladimirovna Kargapolova ◽  
Irina Ivanovna Potapova
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
The People ◽  
Additional Income ◽  
Actual Size

The article touches upon the income of the population as an indicator of welfare and living standard of the people in the Astrakhan region. According to such indicators as real cash incomes, real accrued wages and the actual size of pensions, there has been drawn a conclusion about welfare of residents of Astrakhan. The article has identified a trend towards decreasing income growth of the population. It has been stated in the article that about one third of the population of the Astrakhan region need additional income to satisfy long-term requirements, and only five percent of the population don't restrain their spending capacity.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic differences in mortality among 27 million economically active Germans: a cross-sectional analysis of the German Pension Fund data

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. e028001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Grigoriev ◽  
Rembrandt Scholz ◽  
Vladimir M Shkolnikov
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Pension Fund ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Male Adult ◽  
Administrative Dataset ◽  
East And West ◽  
The Impact

ObjectivesTo assess disparities in mortality by socioeconomic status in Germany.Design and participantsWe analyse a large administrative dataset of the German Pension Fund (DRV), including 27 million person-years of exposure and 42 000 deaths in 2013. The data cover the economically active population, stratified by sex and by East and West.Outcome measuresAge-standardised mortality rates and Poisson regression mortality rate ratios (MRRs).ResultsThe risk of dying increases with decreasing income: the MRRs of the lowest to the highest income quintile are 4.66 (95% CI 4.48 to 4.85) among men and 3.06 (95% CI 2.90 to 3.23) among women. The impact of income attenuates after controlling for education and other explanatory variables, especially for females. In the fully controlled model for females, individual income is a weaker predictor of mortality, but there is a clear educational mortality gradient. In the fully controlled model, the MRRs of the unemployed to the employed are 2.09 (95% CI 2.03 to 2.15) among men and 2.01 (95% CI 1.92 to 2.10) among women. The risk of dying is around half as high among foreigners as among German citizens. The socioeconomic disparities are greater among East than West German men.ConclusionsLow socioeconomic status is a major determinant of excess adult mortality in Germany. The persisting East-West differences in male adult mortality can be explained by the higher socioeconomic status of men living in the West, rather than by contextual differences between East and West. These differences can be further monitored using DRV data.

How does competition shape managerial decisions? Product market competition and financial statement comparability

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (11) ◽  
pp. 2437-2471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ansar Majeed ◽  
Chao Yan ◽  
Muhammad Zubair Tauni
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Price Competition ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
State Ownership ◽  
Governance Mechanism ◽  
Competitive Pressure ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Alternative Measures

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of competitive pressure on financial statements’ comparability (comparability) by analyzing various dimensions of competition.Design/methodology/approachThe authors study the effect of competition on comparability using the comparability measure of De Francoet al.(2011) and various proxies for competition, competition from existing/potential rivals and non-price competition (NPC).FindingsThis study documents that competition is positively associated with comparability, and this effect is more (less) pronounced for industry followers (leaders). The authors also document that competition from existing rivals enhances comparability, but competition from potential entrants does not. Moreover, NPC is also a significant determinant of comparability. Furthermore, the competition from existing/potential rivals plays no significant role in the production of comparable financial statements in state-owned enterprises. The results are robust to alternative measures of comparability and methodological approaches.Originality/valueThis study is the first empirical study that documents a new channel (comparability) through which competition affects financial statements. The findings support the argument that competitive pressure acts as a governance mechanism, disciplines management and increases comparability leading to lower information asymmetry (governance view). However, the findings contest the argument that higher competition motivates managers to withhold information (proprietary cost hypothesis). By examining the effect of state ownership, this study might also help to characterize the effects of changes in corporate objectives on managerial decisions related to financial reporting.

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