Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 239-258
Author(s):  
Meredith McNeill Hale
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
First Century ◽  
Political Satire ◽  
South Sea ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Battle Scenes ◽  
Intensive Investigation

This concluding chapter focuses on the question of circulation and impact: to what extent did De Hooghe’s satires travel beyond The Netherlands in the seventeenth century and what influence did they have on English political satire of the eighteenth century? The appearance of motifs from De Hooghe’s satires in mezzotints of c.1690 and prints on the subject of the South Sea Bubble of 1720 will be discussed as will instances in which De Hooghe’s satires were reissued in the eighteenth century. However, a comparison of this handful of examples with the liberal use of De Hooghe’s triumphal allegories and battle scenes in such distant locations as Latin America and Russia reveals one of the qualities that epitomizes political satire—its dramatic circumscription by temporal and geographical boundaries. Satire’s embeddedness in a specific political, historical, and cultural moment and its dependence upon text that often channels the idiosyncrasies of spoken language, render it difficult—often impossible without intensive investigation—to understand beyond its immediate context. This is as true for twenty-first-century satires as it was for those produced in the late seventeenth century.

Further Additions to Materials for West African History in the Archives of Belgium and Holland by Patricia Carson

1969 ◽  
Vol 12 (01) ◽  
pp. 81-89
Author(s):  
H. M. Feinberg
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
West African ◽  
African History ◽  
Guinea Coast ◽  
The West ◽  
Archival Material ◽  
The Hague ◽  
State Archives

This article is a supplement to a previous article on the same subject published in the African Studies Bulletin. Before I list further citations omitted from Materials for West African History in the Archives of Belgium and Holland, I will discuss, in some detail, the nature of the archival material deposited in the Algemeen Rijksarchief, The Hague. I will attempt to enhance the brief discussions of Miss Carson while avoiding repetition of statements which seem clear and/or are adequately discussed in her book. The General State Archives, The Hague, includes two major collections of interest to the West African historian: the Archives of the West India Companies and the Archives of the Netherlands Settlements on the Guinea Coast. Initially, one must realize that most of the seventeenth-century papers of both collections have been lost or destroyed, and that as a consequence there are many gaps among the existing manuscripts. For example, volume 81 (1658-1709) of the Archives of the Netherlands Settlements on the Guinea Coast includes only manuscripts for the following times: December 25, 1658-June 12, 1660; August, 1693; and October 12-December 31, 1709. Also, most of the seventeenth-century material is written in script, whereas the eighteenth-century manuscripts, with some exceptions, are in more conventional hand-writings.

scholarly journals ANTIQUARIAN AND RARE BOOKS IN LONDON AT THE BEGINNING OF THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-36
Author(s):  
John Valdimir Price
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Book Trade ◽  
First Century ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Rare Books

“Booksellers are generous liberal-minded men.” According to Boswell, Dr. Johnson made this remark in 1756, though anyone remotely acquainted with Johnson will also know that he was equally capable of thinking—and saying—something quite the opposite; it would be imprudent to overlook the possibility of irony here. The London book trade in the eighteenth century was a busy one, and its history is the subject of some of the best research being done on London’s culture. There was also a prospering trade in second-hand or “previously owned” books, and a large number of books from previous centuries are often found in . . .

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Modern State ◽  
English Reformation ◽  
Wars Of Religion ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Church

The conclusion explains why the English Reformation ended in the late eighteenth century. It discounts a secular and secularizing Enlightenment as an explanation. Rather, it offers three other reasons for the Reformation’s ending. Firstly, by the last quarter of the eighteenth century enough time had passed to make the seventeenth-century wars of religion less threatening than they had seemed earlier in the century. Secondly, the Reformation issues with which the eighteenth-century English dealt got supplanted by other, more urgent ones, often having to do with England’s expanding empire. Finally, and importantly, the Reformation ended because the polemical divines who are the subject of this book failed fully in their tasks of defining truth and of defending the autonomy of the established Church of England. In the end, the modern state took on the role as truth’s arbiter and made the Church a subordinate, dependent institution.

Retrospect on J.C. van Leur's Essay on the Eighteenth Century as a Category in Asian History

Itinerario ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
European History ◽  
General View ◽  
History Of ◽  
Limited Scale ◽  
Asian History

In an essay of extraordinary range and depth, which it is difficult to summarise without distortion, Jacob van Leur is above all making an appeal for the autonomy of Asian history in relation to that of Europe. He was reviewing volume IV by Godée Molsbergen of Geschiedenis van Nederlandsch Indië, which dealt with the eighteenth century. To Molsbergen the activities of the V.O.C. in Asia in the eighteenth century had characteristics distinct from those of the seventeenth-century Company or from what was to follow in Indonesia in the nineteenth century. These characteristics essentially reflected those of the Netherlands during the eighteenth century. Assuming that eighteenth-century European history has unifying characteristics (an assumption that he was inclined to question), Van Leur asked: ‘Is it possible to write the history of Indonesia in the eighteenth century as the history of the Company?’ His answer was a resounding ‘no’. In giving his answer he widened the issue from Indonesia to Asia as a whole. ‘A general view of the whole can only lead to the conclusion that any talk of a European Asia in the eighteenth century is out of the question, that a few European centres of power had been consolidated on a very limited scale, that in general – and here the emphasis should lie – the oriental lands continued to form active factors in the course of events as valid entities, militarily, economically and politically.’ He concluded that diere was an ‘unbroken unity’ of Asian history from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. Until well into the nineteenth century Europe and Asia were ‘two equal civilisations developing separately of each other’.

Diderot Et Roger De Piles

PMLA ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Par Gîta May
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Composition Design ◽  
Art Form ◽  
French Art ◽  
High Esteem ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Technical Terms

While it has recently been established (thanks to the records of the Bibliothèque du Roi, now the Bibliotheque Nationale) that Diderot read a major treatise by Roger de Piles, the influential seventeenth-century art critic and theorist, as early as 1748, the nature and extent of Diderot's indebtedness to his predecessor have not yet been fully explored. Internal evidence, as well as direct and indirect references, reveal the impact of Roger de Piles on Diderot's ideas concerning composition, design, and color. Roger de Piles was the first French art critic to take an uninhibited delight in light and color and to attempt to render, through a bold use of concrete and technical terms, the freshness and vividness of his impressions. In this respect, too, he is an important precursor of Diderot, for the latter frequently borrowed especially apt expressions and images from the writings of Roger de Piles. Articles in the Encyclopedia devoted to the fine arts also confirm the high esteem in which de Piles was held by eighteenth-century artists and connoisseurs. Diderot and his contemporaries recognized above all de Piles's expertise in practical matters concerning the artist's craft. Even though Diderot departs from de Piles in his preoccupation with the moral message of a work of art, he shares with his predecessor a spontaneous appreciation of the exuberant forms, the animated scenes, the down-to-earth realism that characterize the Dutch and Flemish schools of painting. The sketch, as an art form more revelatory of a painter's inner spirit and genius than the more finished product, was the subject of several key remarks by de Piles which Diderot, in turn, amplified and developed in his critical essays. And it was in the writings of de Piles that Diderot found some of his most telling arguments against artificiality and mannerism in art and against an unquestioning adherence to doctrine and dogma. (In French)

Intellectual Change before the Enlightenment: Scotland, the Netherlands and the Reception of Cartesian Thought, 1650–1700

2015 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alasdair Raffe
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Dutch Republic ◽  
Intellectual Life ◽  
Scottish Enlightenment ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
United Provinces

This article argues that intellectual historians' fascination with a narrative of the emerging Scottish enlightenment has led to a neglect of ideas that did not shape enlightenment culture. As a contribution to a less teleological intellectual history of Scotland, the article examines the reception of the philosophy of René Descartes (1596–1650). Cartesian thought enjoyed a brief period of popularity from the 1670s to the 1690s but appeared outdated by the mid-eighteenth century. Debates about Cartesianism illustrate the ways in which late seventeenth-century Scottish intellectual life was conditioned by the rivalry between presbyterians and episcopalians, and by fears that new philosophy would undermine christianity. Moreover, the reception of Cartesian thought exemplifies intellectual connections between Scotland and the Netherlands. Not only did Descartes' philosophy win its first supporters in the United Provinces, but the Dutch Republic also provided the arguments employed by the main Scottish critics of Cartesianism. In this period the Netherlands was both a source of philosophical innovation and of conservative reaction to intellectual change.

32.—Some Ocean Tide Measurements of the Eighteenth Century, and their Relevance Today

1972 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Cartwright
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
High Precision ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Ocean Tide ◽  
Oceanic Tides ◽  
The Subject ◽  
St Helena

SynopsisAfter an introductory survey of seventeenth-century approaches to the subject, two important examples of tide-measuring activity in the eighteenth-century are described. The five years’ continuous observations at Brest, 1711–16, involved great perseverence in effort and accuracy. The treatment of the records by Cassini and their later retrieval by Lalande affords an interesting lesson in the publication of scientific data. The observations made at St Helena in 1761 are remarkable for having been made with high precision by leading astronomers in difficult swell conditions. Finally, a method is described of using these data to search for small differences in the oceanic tides between the eighteenth-century and the present, with a brief discussion of the results.

Second Sight in Scotland

2020 ◽  
pp. 144-166
Author(s):  
Michael Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
The Uncanny ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Long Eighteenth Century ◽  
Changing Attitudes ◽  
The Universe

This chapter considers changing attitudes during the long eighteenth century to second sight — the uncanny ability of certain individuals to foresee the future — in Scotland. This was a topic which fascinated Boyle in the late seventeenth century. This chapter illustrates how his enquiries on the subject began a tradition of empirical study of the phenomenon which continued into the eighteenth century. But then a change came, and by about 1800 the possibility of second sight was increasingly rejected among English and Scottish intellectuals on the grounds that it was incompatible with the ‘principles’ by which the universe operated. In parallel with this, however, a separate tradition emerged in which second sight and related phenomena were deemed appropriate for imaginative interpretation by poets and others, which is significant in itself.

Pride, Pulpit Eloquence, and the Rhetoric of Jonathan Swift

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-276
Author(s):  
Paddy Bullard
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Jonathan Swift ◽  
The Subject

Jonathan Swift was contemptuous of the figure of the orator in his satirical writings, and yet he proved to be one of the most influential figures behind the eighteenth-century ‘elocutionary movement’ in Great Britain. His most distinctive remarks on the subject of practical rhetoric concern the art of pulpit eloquence. The simple style that Swift consistently recommends is both a rebuke to and a weapon against the false eloquence of a particular ethical class: the impertinently proud. The force behind this weapon is Swift's analysis of the moral assumptions of his opponents, and particularly their faith in the rhetorical efficacy of ‘conviction’, against which Swift proposes his own defense of ‘hypocrisy’. The moral and theological principles that inform Swift's rhetoric have contextual roots in contemporary commentary on sacred eloquence, and particularly in the efforts of late-seventeenth-century French writers, including Caussin, Lamy and Fénelon, to formulate a rhetorical ethics that does not betray the preacher (elevated above and unanswered by his audience as he must be) into the temptations of pride.

scholarly journals Acerca de las ciudades: la mirada de ayer y de hoy

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
Alberto Saldarriaga Roa
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Latin American ◽  
First Century ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Look ◽  
Good And Evil ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
The City

Resumen: En el título del artículo: “Acerca de las ciudades: la mirada de ayer y hoy” se intenta describir su contenido y el plano de observación de distintos planteamientos acerca de aquello que se ha entendido y juzgado como ciudad desde la segunda mitad del siglo XVIII hasta el presente. Se asume, como punto de partida, un artículo del historiador austríaco Carl Schorske, en el que se plantea como, desde las últimas décadas del siglo XVII hasta las primeras décadas de siglo XX, se advierten tres modos de mirar las ciudades, bien sea como espacios de virtud, de vicio o de algo “más allá del bien y del mal”. En el texto se afirma que estos tres modos de mirar y juzgar las ciudades han perdurado a todo lo largo del siglo XX y aún en los inicios del siglo XXI. Para ello, se recorren las aproximaciones más significativas a los fenómenos urbanos, en especial a los conceptos de “metrópolis”, “megalópolis” y su secuela, “ecumenópolis” que calificaron las ciudades en razón a su extensión y complejidad. A renglón seguido se da una lectura rápida a los planteamientos del grupo Team X en los que hay crítica a la ciudad funcional y propuestas dirigidas más hacia la experiencia de la ciudad que a unos esquemas abstractos. Se detallan dos propuestas “futuristas”: la del Urbanismo Espacial” de Yona Friedmann y la de la “Arcología” de Paolo Soleri. Y, en una sección aparte, se estudian aproximaciones contemporáneas a las ciudades como espacios de “complejidad, multiculturalidad e información”. Una breve sección propone interrogantes sobre la mirada a la ciudad latinoamericana, a partir de autores como José Luís Romero y Jacques Aprile Gniset. En la bibliografía se da cuenta de los textos consultados. ___Palabras clave: Historia urbana, ciudades, metrópolis, megalópolis, ecumenópolis. ___Abstract: In the title of the article: “About the cities: the look of yesterday and today” is intended to describe its content and the plan of observation of different approaches about what has been understood and judged as a city since the second half of the eighteenth century until the present. As a starting point, an article by the Austrian historian Carl Schorske argues that, from the last decades of the seventeenth century to the first decades of the twentieth century, three ways of looking at cities are seen, either as spaces of virtue, vice or something “beyond good and evil”. The text states that these three ways of looking at and judging cities have lasted throughout the twentieth century and even at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The most significant approaches to urban phenomena, especially the concepts of “metropolis”, “megalopolis” and its sequel, “ecumenopolis”, which cities have been called, are considered because of their extension and complexity. The following section gives a quick reading of the Team X proposals in which there is criticism of the functional city and proposals directed more towards the experience of the city than to abstract schemes. Two “futuristic” proposals are described: “Spatial Urbanism”, by Yona Friedmann and “Arcología”, by Paolo Soleri. In a separate section, contemporary approaches to cities are studied as spaces of “complexity, multiculturality and information”. A brief section proposes questions about the look at the Latin American city, based on authors such as José Luís Romero and Jacques Aprile Gniset. In the bibliography, the texts consulted are reported. ___Keywords: Urban history, cities, metropolis, megalopolis, ecumenopolis. ___Recibido: 13 de julio 2016. Aceptado: 7 de septiembre de 2016.

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