32.—Some Ocean Tide Measurements of the Eighteenth Century, and their Relevance Today

1972 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 331-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Cartwright
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
High Precision ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Ocean Tide ◽  
Oceanic Tides ◽  
The Subject ◽  
St Helena

SynopsisAfter an introductory survey of seventeenth-century approaches to the subject, two important examples of tide-measuring activity in the eighteenth-century are described. The five years’ continuous observations at Brest, 1711–16, involved great perseverence in effort and accuracy. The treatment of the records by Cassini and their later retrieval by Lalande affords an interesting lesson in the publication of scientific data. The observations made at St Helena in 1761 are remarkable for having been made with high precision by leading astronomers in difficult swell conditions. Finally, a method is described of using these data to search for small differences in the oceanic tides between the eighteenth-century and the present, with a brief discussion of the results.

Conclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 239-258
Author(s):  
Meredith McNeill Hale
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
First Century ◽  
Political Satire ◽  
South Sea ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Battle Scenes ◽  
Intensive Investigation

This concluding chapter focuses on the question of circulation and impact: to what extent did De Hooghe’s satires travel beyond The Netherlands in the seventeenth century and what influence did they have on English political satire of the eighteenth century? The appearance of motifs from De Hooghe’s satires in mezzotints of c.1690 and prints on the subject of the South Sea Bubble of 1720 will be discussed as will instances in which De Hooghe’s satires were reissued in the eighteenth century. However, a comparison of this handful of examples with the liberal use of De Hooghe’s triumphal allegories and battle scenes in such distant locations as Latin America and Russia reveals one of the qualities that epitomizes political satire—its dramatic circumscription by temporal and geographical boundaries. Satire’s embeddedness in a specific political, historical, and cultural moment and its dependence upon text that often channels the idiosyncrasies of spoken language, render it difficult—often impossible without intensive investigation—to understand beyond its immediate context. This is as true for twenty-first-century satires as it was for those produced in the late seventeenth century.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Church Of England ◽  
Modern State ◽  
English Reformation ◽  
Wars Of Religion ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Church

The conclusion explains why the English Reformation ended in the late eighteenth century. It discounts a secular and secularizing Enlightenment as an explanation. Rather, it offers three other reasons for the Reformation’s ending. Firstly, by the last quarter of the eighteenth century enough time had passed to make the seventeenth-century wars of religion less threatening than they had seemed earlier in the century. Secondly, the Reformation issues with which the eighteenth-century English dealt got supplanted by other, more urgent ones, often having to do with England’s expanding empire. Finally, and importantly, the Reformation ended because the polemical divines who are the subject of this book failed fully in their tasks of defining truth and of defending the autonomy of the established Church of England. In the end, the modern state took on the role as truth’s arbiter and made the Church a subordinate, dependent institution.

Diderot Et Roger De Piles

PMLA ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 444-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Par Gîta May
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Composition Design ◽  
Art Form ◽  
French Art ◽  
High Esteem ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Technical Terms

While it has recently been established (thanks to the records of the Bibliothèque du Roi, now the Bibliotheque Nationale) that Diderot read a major treatise by Roger de Piles, the influential seventeenth-century art critic and theorist, as early as 1748, the nature and extent of Diderot's indebtedness to his predecessor have not yet been fully explored. Internal evidence, as well as direct and indirect references, reveal the impact of Roger de Piles on Diderot's ideas concerning composition, design, and color. Roger de Piles was the first French art critic to take an uninhibited delight in light and color and to attempt to render, through a bold use of concrete and technical terms, the freshness and vividness of his impressions. In this respect, too, he is an important precursor of Diderot, for the latter frequently borrowed especially apt expressions and images from the writings of Roger de Piles. Articles in the Encyclopedia devoted to the fine arts also confirm the high esteem in which de Piles was held by eighteenth-century artists and connoisseurs. Diderot and his contemporaries recognized above all de Piles's expertise in practical matters concerning the artist's craft. Even though Diderot departs from de Piles in his preoccupation with the moral message of a work of art, he shares with his predecessor a spontaneous appreciation of the exuberant forms, the animated scenes, the down-to-earth realism that characterize the Dutch and Flemish schools of painting. The sketch, as an art form more revelatory of a painter's inner spirit and genius than the more finished product, was the subject of several key remarks by de Piles which Diderot, in turn, amplified and developed in his critical essays. And it was in the writings of de Piles that Diderot found some of his most telling arguments against artificiality and mannerism in art and against an unquestioning adherence to doctrine and dogma. (In French)

Second Sight in Scotland

2020 ◽  
pp. 144-166
Author(s):  
Michael Hunter
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
The Uncanny ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Long Eighteenth Century ◽  
Changing Attitudes ◽  
The Universe

This chapter considers changing attitudes during the long eighteenth century to second sight — the uncanny ability of certain individuals to foresee the future — in Scotland. This was a topic which fascinated Boyle in the late seventeenth century. This chapter illustrates how his enquiries on the subject began a tradition of empirical study of the phenomenon which continued into the eighteenth century. But then a change came, and by about 1800 the possibility of second sight was increasingly rejected among English and Scottish intellectuals on the grounds that it was incompatible with the ‘principles’ by which the universe operated. In parallel with this, however, a separate tradition emerged in which second sight and related phenomena were deemed appropriate for imaginative interpretation by poets and others, which is significant in itself.

Pride, Pulpit Eloquence, and the Rhetoric of Jonathan Swift

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-276
Author(s):  
Paddy Bullard
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Jonathan Swift ◽  
The Subject

Jonathan Swift was contemptuous of the figure of the orator in his satirical writings, and yet he proved to be one of the most influential figures behind the eighteenth-century ‘elocutionary movement’ in Great Britain. His most distinctive remarks on the subject of practical rhetoric concern the art of pulpit eloquence. The simple style that Swift consistently recommends is both a rebuke to and a weapon against the false eloquence of a particular ethical class: the impertinently proud. The force behind this weapon is Swift's analysis of the moral assumptions of his opponents, and particularly their faith in the rhetorical efficacy of ‘conviction’, against which Swift proposes his own defense of ‘hypocrisy’. The moral and theological principles that inform Swift's rhetoric have contextual roots in contemporary commentary on sacred eloquence, and particularly in the efforts of late-seventeenth-century French writers, including Caussin, Lamy and Fénelon, to formulate a rhetorical ethics that does not betray the preacher (elevated above and unanswered by his audience as he must be) into the temptations of pride.

Acoustics in the early Royal Society 1660-1680

1982 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-175 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Music Theory ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Collective Interest ◽  
The Subject

The early Royal Society has been the focus of much attention by historians of science over many years, (1) but strangely enough there is no really detailed account to be found of the activities and discussions which took place in the weekly meetings, although there is ample information available on the subject. This study of the Royal Society’s collective interest in acoustics aims to provide a detailed analysis of an important subject that has not been dealt with elsewhere, at the same time as providing a case study of the way in which experiments were suggested and sometimes undertaken in meetings during the first twenty years of the Society’s existence. Apart from the article published forty years ago in this journal by Lloyd, in which the author is concerned only with articles in the Philosophical Transactions relating to music theory and acoustics in the years 1677—1698 (2), the contribution of members of the Royal Society to the topic of acoustics has been treated as subsidiary to that of more famous individuals in the seventeenth century; namely Galileo Galilei, Marin Mersenne, Isaac Newton and Joseph Sauveur. The comparative neglect of the activities of the Royal Society has arisen because writers have been concerned with tracing the ‘progress’ of acoustics as a scientific discipline, in which events in the seventeenth century merely set the scene for the triumphs of John and Daniel Bernoulli and Euler in the eighteenth century.

Would You Splash Out on a Ticket to Molièe's Palais Royal?

2000 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-254
Author(s):  
Claude Schumacher
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Dramatic Literature ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Theatrical Performance ◽  
Dramatic Text ◽  
Eye Opening ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Spectator

Little by little we are building up a reliable picture of what a seventeenth-century Parisian theatre looked like. In Theatre Research International we published an important article by Graham Barlow's on the Hôtel de Bourgogne in our first volume, and we return to the subject with the eye-opening reconstruction of the Palais Royal by Christa Williford in this, our last issue. In the intervening twenty-five years we have published articles on the problem of law and order in the auditorium, on actors and acting in seventeenth and eighteenth-century France; on the interaction between tragedy and the emerging opera, on theory, on dramatic literature, on the morality of actors and actresses, even on publicity; but nothing, specifically, on the identity of the spectator. And without a clearer impression of who patronized the Parisian theatres, we are in danger of missing important clues, not only concerning the theatrical performance, but also in our reading of the dramatic text—which will inform our theatrical decisions.

Divine Poetry? Early Modern European Orientalists on the Beauty of the Koran

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Loop
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Divine Origin ◽  
Islamic Belief

AbstractThis article discusses Western attitudes to the style of the Koran from the sixteenth to the late eighteenth century. The subject is of particular interest because the question of the Koran's aesthetic value is ultimately linked with the Islamic belief that the inimitable beauty of Muhammad's revelation is the very proof of its divine origin (i'jāz al-Qur'ān). Given the apologetic function of this doctrine in Islamic theology, many early modern European orientalists, from Theodor Bibliander to Ludovico Marracci, criticised the style. Some of the arguments presented were remarkably persistent and can be followed up to the present day. This article also shows, however, that since the end of the seventeenth century scholars such as Andreas Acoluthus, George Sale and Claude-Etienne Savary had developed a more favourable attitude to the Koranic style, while, at the end of the eighteenth century, the Prophet Muhammad was seen as an inspired genius and the Koran as an example of 'divine poetry'.

Historical Fragments’ Mobile Echo

Transfers ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Bell ◽  
Kathy Davis
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Third Century ◽  
Refugee Crisis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Opium War ◽  
The Subject

Translocation – Transformation is an ambitious contribution to the subject of mobility. Materially, it interlinks seemingly disparate objects into a surprisingly unified exhibition on mobile histories and heritages: twelve bronze zodiac heads, silk and bamboo creatures, worn life vests, pressed Pu-erh tea, thousands of broken antique teapot spouts, and an ancestral wooden temple from the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) used by a tea-trading family. Historically and politically, the exhibition engages Chinese stories from the third century BCE, empires in eighteenth-century Austria and China, the Second Opium War in the nineteenth century, the Chinese Cultural Revolution of the mid-twentieth century, and today’s global refugee crisis.

Common Law Constitutionalism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Legal Profession ◽  
Legal Institutions ◽  
Law System ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Law System

This chapter shows how common law pleading, the use of common law vocabulary, and substantive common law rules lay at the foundation of every colony’s law by the middle of the eighteenth century. There is some explanation of how this common law system functioned in practice. The chapter then discusses why colonials looked upon the common law as a repository of liberty. It also discusses in detail the development of the legal profession individually in each of the thirteen colonies. Finally, the chapter ends with a discussion of the role of legislation. It shows that, although legislation had played an important role in the development of law and legal institutions in the seventeenth century, eighteenth-century Americans were suspicious of legislation, with the result that the output of pre-Revolutionary legislatures was minimal.

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