From Mimēsis to Imitatio

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-70
Author(s):  
Colin Burrow
Keyword(s):  
Moral Character ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Negative View ◽  
Artistic Representations ◽  
The Subject

Beginning with the earliest Greek uses of the word mimēsis, this chapter charts the early stages of thinking about the imitation of authors. It suggests that Aristophanes’ parodies and imitations of Euripides influenced Plato’s negative view of artistic representations more generally. Plato’s use of the word mimēsis of moments when a playwright or narrative poet represented direct speech through a persona was a crucial development. It enabled later rhetorical writers to discuss how one author might perform such mimēsis on the style of another. The development of that thinking is explored in relation to Isocrates and Dionysius of Halicarnassus’s fragmentary treatise Peri Mimēseōs (concerning imitatio). These early discussions of the subject, however, left many questions unanswered. Is the object of literary imitation a particular set of texts, the moral character of an author, or a set of quasi-mathematical axioms that underlie the work of earlier writers?

scholarly journals Intimacy and its violation: on the experience of illness in contemporary women's poetry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Morzyńska-Wrzosek
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Setting ◽  
The Body ◽  
Women's Poetry ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Artistic Representations ◽  
Body Boundary ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Experience Of Illness ◽  
Subjective Identity

This article discusses selected aspects of the problem of self-perception by a sick individual, specific to the poetry of Polish women of the last few decades. The aim of the analysis is to show that the body is central to the illness experience and that a new type of intimacy appears in connection with its ailment. This is a „clinical intimacy”, the specificity of which is defined by a confrontation with suffering, the proliferation of the feeling of isolation, the intensity of emotions related to making the body public, its discovery and exposure in a hospital setting. The issue of „gender expropriation” in a marginal situation is also important, as is the scar, wound, physical violation of the body boundary, read as the „punctum” of the patient's body. The interpretation emphasises the individualization of artistic representations of the aforementioned aspects of „clinical intimacy”. The anthropological research perspective adopted in the sketch allows for the diagnosis of the subject matter in the context of the process of shaping subjective identity.

The Use of the Apostrophe and the Fictionality of Declamation

2020 ◽  
pp. 307-317
Author(s):  
Stefan Feddern
Keyword(s):  
Direct Speech ◽  
Communicative Strategies ◽  
The Subject

Building on van Mal-Maeder’s work on fictionality in Roman declamation, this chapter examines the poetics of declamation in Seneca the Elder’s compilations. When read from a literary standpoint, declamatory texts consist of two key components: the fabula (‘content’) and the discours (‘means of conveying said content’). The chapter concerns itself primarily with the latter, and specifically with the rhetorical concept of apostrophe (α‎̓ποστροφη‎́́), during which speakers address the subject about whom they are declaiming in direct speech. The analysis outlines the communicative strategies involved in this rhetorical technique, along with its implications on both the intradiegetic and extradiegetic narrative planes, and determines the extent to which apostrophe and its variants can be regarded as signs for the fictionality of a given declamation.

scholarly journals Rosmarinic Acid Interaction with Planktonic and Biofilm Staphylococcus aureus

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1300801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lívia Slobodníková ◽  
Silvia Fialová ◽  
Helena Hupková ◽  
Daniel Grančai
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Rosmarinic Acid ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Microtiter Plate ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Microtiter Plates ◽  
Sole Agent ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Biofilm Development

The subject of study was the evaluation of antibacterial activities of rosmarinic acid (RA) on clinical Staphylococcus aureus strains obtained from catheter-related infections. Minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of RA were tested by broth microdilution assay. Biofilm-eradication activity was detected on 24-hour biofilm in microtiter plates using a regrowth technique; activity on biofilm formation was measured by a microtiter plate method after RA application to bacterial samples after 0, 1, 3 and 6 hours of biofilm development. RA had antimicrobial activity on all tested strains in concentrations from 625 to 1250 μg.mL−1 (MICs equal to MBCs). No biofilm-eradication activity on 24-hour biofilm was observed in the tested range of concentrations (from 156 to 5000 μg.mL−1). Subinhibitory RA concentrations suppressed the biofilm production, when applied at early stages of its development. Concentrations lower than subinhibitory stimulated the biofilm mass production in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Considering our results, RA could be a candidate for a topical antimicrobial agent with killing activity on planktonic forms of bacteria and suppressing activity in the early stages of biofilm development, but probably not for the therapy of catheter-related infections as a sole agent.

scholarly journals Presence, Place, Period, and Principle: A Medievalist's Reflections on Robert Bartlett's Book about Saints

2016 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 793-802
Author(s):  
Richard Kieckhefer
Keyword(s):  
Social Environment ◽  
Saint Augustine ◽  
Artistic Representations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Dead

The title of Robert Bartlett's book on saints,Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things?, comes from Saint Augustine, who thought of heaven as a preeminently social environment. It is thus easy to entertain a fantasy about a conversation among saints in heaven. One saint boasts that his feast day has a higher liturgical ranking than the others'. This provokes a second saint to point out that the first may have a grand feast day, but is not, like himself, the subject of a properly papal canonization. A third saint is proud of his artistic representations. A fourth points out that he is so important that he is mentioned in Robert Bartlett's latest book. But this boast backfires. All the saints burst into laughter. As one of them points out, “That's nothing special—we're all in Bartlett's book! He didn't miss any of us!”

Speech reporting as a discourse strategy

1991 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Baynham
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Stylistic Variation ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Discourse Strategy

Abstract This paper examines approaches to the analysis of speech reporting, finding that these approaches fall into two broad categories: traditional approaches which emphasize the syntactic dimension of speech reporting and are informed by an autonomous model of language and discourse pragmatic approaches which emphasize the interaction of syntactic, pragmatic and stylistic factors in discourse. A model for speech reporting strategies in discourse is proposed, involving direct and indirect speech reporting strategies and a ‘lexicalization strategy’. Using this model, a number of approaches to the function of direct speech reporting strategies in the early stages of SLA are reviewed, which analyze the function of direct speech reporting as a ‘compensatory discourse strategy’, not as stylistic variation. It is argued that this analysis is informed by the traditional approach to speech reporting and does not take into account the ‘lexicalization strategy’. When the lexicalization strategy is considered, direct speech is found to function both referentially and stylistically in learner discourse. The argument is illustrated via an analysis of speech reporting in narrative in learner varieties of English and German.

Notes on Seneca Tragicus

1991 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 267-269
Author(s):  
Roland Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Direct Speech ◽  
Classical Text ◽  
Initial Syllable ◽  
The Subject

Ajax is the subject of intonat, but little else is certain. Various punctuations are on offer, and even the authenticity of lines 545 and 546 is questioned; the difficulties are set out in Professor Tarrant's commentary (Cambridge, 1976). My concern is focused solely on 545 and the word nunc, printed in the text of the recent Oxford Classical Text and obelized by Professor Zwierlein. I suggest that the original word in this part of the line was saeuum, a standing epithet of the sea. Written seuum, its initial syllable might have disappeared through haplography; that would have left uum to be transformed into something else. E came up with a word close to the ductus, nunc; the A-tradition added se either to mend the metre or perhaps to indicate (by superscription?) the omitted syllable. If saeuum is a plausible emendation, we might at least keep 545 as a piece of direct speech introduced by intonat, exactly as at Phaed. 1065 magnum intonat.

Comment on Vollon, Gimenez and Bonnet: ‘The psychotic transference in groups’

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-570
Author(s):  
Dieter Nitzgen
Keyword(s):  
Early Development ◽  
Melanie Klein ◽  
Small Child ◽  
Early Group ◽  
Psychotic Illness ◽  
Systematic Account ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mixed Groups ◽  
Brothers And Sisters

In his written work, Foulkes never gave a systematic account of psychosis, psychotic disturbances and psychotic transference(s). Instead we find scattered remarks and reflections on the subject of psychosis throughout his writings. However, it is noteworthy that his first psychoanalytic article (Foulkes, 1930) was dedicated to Observations on the significance of the name in a schizophrenic (Foulkes, 1990: 3–20). Moreover, in his first group analytic article (Foulkes and Lewis, 1944), he mentioned and encouraged the treatment of psychotic patients in mixed groups (Foulkes, 1984, case 8, 10, 11 and 12: 30–33) but cautioned that in a group ‘psychoses should not be in the majority’ and ‘groups with psychotics only were a different matter’ (Foulkes, 1984: 35). However, some his most consistent statements on psychosis are given in his late articles. For instance, the view that ‘undoubtedly, the person who later develops a psychosis, is also conditioned by his early group, and vice versa’ (Foulkes, 1990: 276). And the conviction that ‘psychotic mechanisms are operative in all of us, and that psychosis-like mechanisms and defences are produced very early’ (Foulkes, 1990: 276). However, he cautioned that ‘later psychotic illness’ should not be considered as ‘regressions to these early stages as one might say that neurosis or neurotic reactions are’ (Foulkes, 1990: 276; cf. Wälder, 1937). And although Foulkes acknowledged that ‘early development produces many of the phenomena that are stressed by Melanie Klein’ (Foulkes, 1990: 276; italics mine), he posited that they were ‘being brought about by the interaction of the whole family on these primitive levels’ (Foulkes, 1990: 276). ‘Complicated emotions’, he wrote, ‘can be felt even by the small child as actually represented and transmitted, however unconsciously, by the parents, brothers and sisters and so on’ (Foulkes, 1990: 276).

scholarly journals Address of the President, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, at the Anniversary Meeting, November 30, 1931

1932 ◽  
Vol 134 (825) ◽  
pp. 533-553
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Experimental Embryology ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Foreign Member

It is right that at our Anniversary Meeting we should have in mind the losses that our Fellowship has suffered during the year that has just passed. We have to deplore to-day the deaths of no less than four of our distinguished Foreign Members, together with fourteen Fellows of the Society. Albert Auguste Toussaint Brachet, of Brussels, was a distinguished leader in the science of embryology. He was one of the pupils of van Beneden and carried on traditions derived from that master of the subject, though on lines of his own. His earlier work dealt chiefly with the morphological facts of development, but he later made important contributions to experimental embryology. His researches were specially concerned with the early stages of development in the amphibia, and his work threw important light upon the problem of localisation in the developing egg. His later interests and contributions were concerned with what may be described as the physiological factors and conditions which initiate development. He was elected as a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1928.

VIII An account of the report given by Prince Charles and the Duke of Buckingham to the joint committee of both Houses, respecting the negotiations for a Spanish marriage

1968 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 207-222
Keyword(s):  
House Of Commons ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
The Commons ◽  
Formal Relation ◽  
Similar Report ◽  
Bona Fide ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Member Of Parliament ◽  
Formal Session ◽  
Made In

MS 4 consists of eight foolscap folios, five written on both sides, one partly written on one side only, and two blank. It was originally folded, and the endorsement on the back of f. 8 would have been on the outside of the packet so formed. It is the first half of a detailed and circumstantial account of the report made to a joint committee of both Whole Houses by the Duke of Buckingham and Prince Charles on 24 February 1624. The subject of the report was the recent failure of the negotiations for a Spanish marriage, which had been dragging on for about ten years. So great was the interest of members in this report that special precautions were ordered to ensure that no one who was not a bona fide member of parliament should be admitted, and these precautions are hinted at in the opening sentences. Because this meeting was not a formal session of either house, report of the proceedings had to be made in both the Lords and the Commons. The Lord Keeper's report, delivered on Friday, 27 February, is fully recorded in the Lords Journal, The substance is naturally much the same as the contents of this document, but the style is completely different. As befitted a formal relation, the Lord Keeper omitted the circumstantial details which make this account vivid and interesting; the direct speech, and the Prince's interjections and comments. The House of Commons received a similar report on the same day from Sir Richard Weston and Sir Francis Cottington, both of whom had been personally involved in the negotiations. The version of this report printed in the Commons Journal is very sketchy and disjointed, being taken from the hasty jottings of MS Tanner 392.

scholarly journals Predicados de comunicação em português europeu: nominalizações e nomes autónomos

2021 ◽  
pp. 237-259
Author(s):  
Sónia Reis ◽  
Nuno Mamede ◽  
Jorge Baptista
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Role ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The Subject

This paper provides an overview of the verbal and noun predicates involving the concept of communication and their distribution in the lexicon‑grammar of European Portuguese. Two key concepts are used: (i) the agent‑speaker semantic role (and other related roles, such as message, and addressee), associated with the subject syntactic slot of these predicates; and (ii) the possibility of the verb to enter a verbum dicendi construction, i.e., introducing direct speech

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