Formal Imitation

2019 ◽  
pp. 206-234
Author(s):  
Colin Burrow
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Rhetorical Structure ◽  
English Writing ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Pietro Bembo ◽  
Philipp Melanchthon

This chapter returns to the debate about the imitation of Cicero between Pietro Bembo and Gianfrancesco Pico in the early sixteenth century, and shows how these two writers’ different approaches to imitatio encouraged subsequent authors to imitate the ‘form’ of earlier texts. This could be a quasi-Platonic abstract idea of an earlier author, or it could encompass the structures of sentences or arguments. This theme was developed by later sixteenth-century Northern European writers on imitatio, principally Philipp Melanchthon and Johannes Sturm. They encouraged imitating authors to attend to the rhetorical structure of the works that they imitated, rather than borrowing their language. Through Roger Ascham these German rhetoricians had a profound influence on later sixteenth-century English writing. The chapter concludes by arguing that their thinking encouraged imitating authors in that period to engage in what is here called ‘stylism’. Many later Elizabethan authors sought not only to imitate a distinctive ‘form’ of an earlier author, but also to establish that they had a ‘form’ or style of their own, which could be identified by their readers, and which subsequent authors might imitate.

The Rejection of Learning in Mid-Cinquecento Italy

1966 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 230-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul F. Grendler
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Italian Renaissance ◽  
Mathematics History ◽  
Active Life ◽  
Pietro Bembo ◽  
Humanist Education ◽  
Renaissance Learning ◽  
Fourth Decade ◽  
The World

In the years 1535-1555 a group of Italian authors rejected much of Italian Renaissance learning. Humanists in the Quattrocento had wished to educate man for the active life. During the sixteenth century humanist education became a broad pattern of learning stressing grammar, rhetoric, logic, mathematics, history, and literature, based on both the Latin classics and vernacular models like Petrarch. Its purpose was the training of the young patrician to serve his family, city, or prince in the affairs of the world. But a group of critics mocked liberal studies, spurned the classical heritage, rejected authorities like Cicero and Pietro Bembo, ridiculed humanists, thought that history was widely misused, denied the utility of knowledge, and argued that man should withdraw into solitude. Nicolò Franco of Benevento (1515-1570), Lodovico Domenichi of Piacenza (1515-1564), Ortensio Lando of Milan (c. 1512-c. 1553), Giulio Landi of Piacenza (1500-1579), and Anton Francesco Doni of Florence (1513-1574) reached maturity in the fourth decade of the sixteenth century and expressed these critical themes in their many books published from 1533 to the early years of the 1550s.

Spaces for Music in Sixteenth-Century Paduan Courts

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
GUIDO BELTRAMINI
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Rare Plants ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Pietro Bembo ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Hadrian’S Villa ◽  
Hadrian's Villa ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
The Way

This chapter is dedicated to a particular culture relating to the way one might ideally lead one's life in line with ancient practices and views. The trend in question, which developed in Padua in the first half of the Cinquecento, was promoted by such humanists as Pietro Bembo, Alvise Cornaro and Marco Mantova Benavides. Exceptional connoisseurs of the mores and values of antiquity, these intellectuals personally supervised and directed the building of their homes. Following the model of Hadrian's villa at Tivoli, the complexes of these Paduan residences comprised dwelling areas, pavilions, large gardens and the installation of fountains, statues and rare plants. Inspired by literary sources, the ideal of recreating the ‘ancient’ way of life, in which music played a crucial role, was revived.

REBELLION, RESISTANCE, AND A SWISS BRUTUS?

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRIES RAATH ◽  
SHAUN DE FREITAS
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
Modern Politics ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Divine Justice

Early sixteenth-century Germany and Switzerland witnessed, amongst their peasants, a growing dissatisfaction with economic exploitation and the increasing power of political rulers. The Protestant Reformation at the time had a profound influence on the moulding of this dissatisfaction into a right to demand the enforcement of divine justice. The Swiss reformer, Huldrych Zwingli, provided parallels for the demands of the peasants, while the German reformers, Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon, criticized the rebellious methods of the peasantry. Against this background the young Swiss reformer, Heinrich Bullinger, responded more positively towards the claims of the peasants by opposing the views of the Lutheran reformers in his play ‘Lucretia and Brutus’. In this drama, Bullinger propounds the first steps towards the development of his federal theory of politics by advancing the idea of oath-taking as the mechanism for transforming the monarchy into a Christian republic. The idea of oath-taking was destined to become a most important device in early modern politics, used to combat tyranny and to promote the idea of republicanism.

scholarly journals La globalización hispana del comercio y el arte en la Edad Moderna

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Dobado González
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
New Spain ◽  
Historical Significance ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Historical Phenomenon ◽  
Early Modern Era ◽  
Main Protagonist ◽  
Modern Era

This article shows some important aspects of a worldwide, historical phenomenon: the globalization of commerce and art which started in the second half of the sixteenth century and had the American, Asian and European territories of the Hispanic Monarchy as main protagonist during the Early Modern Era. The international exchanges -basically, American silver in return for more or less luxurious goods from Asia- that followed the discovery by Urdaneta, in 1565, of the “tornaviaje” between Manila and Acapulco had a profound influence on the forms of production and consumption in both the Old World and the New. Spanish economists and economic historians have probably underscored the historical significance of these unprecedented interactions. The central role played by the Viceroyalty of New Spain in this globalization has perhaps not been properly valued either.

scholarly journals “Sapere audite ...” Melanchthon – sestiende-eeuse humanis en belangrike reformator

2018 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor D'Assonville
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The World ◽  
Philipp Melanchthon ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Reformation History ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church

Terwyl Philipp Melanchthon allerweë in wetenskaplike kringe in Wes-Europa sowel as die VSA erkenning geniet vir sy reuse bydrae tot die Reformasie en die Westerse universiteitswese, is hy in sommige dele van die wêreld, ongelukkig ook in Suid-Afrika, taamlik onbekend. Dikwels verdwyn hy in die skadu van Luther en Calvyn. In eie reg was sy bydrae tot die hervorming van die kerk, sowel as die ontwikkeling van geesteswetenskappe en feitlik die volledige spektrum van wetenskappe in sy tyd egter só geweldig groot dat dit moeilik is om nie slegs in die oortreffende trap daarvan te praat nie. In hierdie artikel word doelbewus aandag aan die verhouding tussen sy rol as humanistiese geleerde in die sestiende-eeuse konteks en sy bydrae as kerkhervormer gegee, om sodoende meer insig oor die agtergrond van die komplekse reformasiegeskiedenis te bied. Abstract While Philip Melanchthon enjoys wide acclaim in scientific circles in Western Europe as well as the USA for his tremendous contribution to the Reformation and establishment of Western universities, he is unfortunately relatively unknown in some parts of the world, including South Africa. Often he recedes into the shadow of Luther and Calvin. In his own right his contribution to the sixteenth-century reformation of the church and the development of the Humanities – and in fact close to the entire spectrum of the sciences of his time – was so profound that it is hard not to acclaim him to the superlative degree. In this article, attention is deliberately given to the relationship between his role as humanistic scholar in the sixteenth century context and his contribution as church reformer, in order to provide more clarity on the context of the complexity of church reformation history.

Plato’s Hermaphrodite and a Vindication of the Sense of Touch in the Sixteenth Century

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 872-898
Author(s):  
Pablo Maurette
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Human Love ◽  
Pietro Bembo ◽  
Body And Soul ◽  
Sense Of Touch ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis essay considers readings of Plato’sSymposiumin sixteenth-centurytrattati d’amore(love treatises) — especially Francesco Patrizi’sL’amorosa filosofia— that offer an alternative to Marsilio Ficino’s pervasive interpretation as presented in hisDe amore. Against the backdrop of a larger debate concerning the role of the lower senses (touch, in particular) and the relationship between body and soul, these alternative readings of theSymposiumattempt to redeem the role of tactility in love matters. Whereas Ficino and his most influential followers — Pico della Mirandola, Pietro Bembo, and Baldassare Castiglione — center their exegesis on Diotima’s speech and privilege sight as the most noble sense, Patrizi’s reading — to a large extent preceded by those of Sperone Speroni, Agnolo Firenzuola, and Flaminio Nobili — focuses on Aristophanes’s myth and the figure of the hermaphrodite as the model for a different kind of human love that is both sensual and spiritual.

Making Statesmen, Writing Culture: Ethnography, Observation, and Diplomatic Travel in Early Modern Venice

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Political Education ◽  
Educational Travel ◽  
Northern European ◽  
Social Scientific Research ◽  
Writing Culture ◽  
Early Modern Venice ◽  
Social Scientific

AbstractNumerous scholars have sought to locate the origins of social scientific research in the late-sixteenth-century ars apodemica, the northern European body of literature dedicated to methodizing educational travel. Little attention has been paid, however, to the earlier model of educational travel that emerged from sixteenth-century Venetian diplomatic culture. For many Venetian citizens and patricians, accompanying an ambassador on a foreign mission served as a cornerstone of their political education. Diplomatic travelers were encouraged to keep written accounts of their voyage. Numerous examples of these journals survive from the sixteenth century, largely following a standard formula and marked by an emphasis on the description of customs. This article examines the educational function of diplomatic travel in Venice and the practices of cultural description that emerged from diplomatic travel, arguing that Venetian diplomatic travel offers an earlier model for the methodization of travel—one with its own distinctive norms of observation.

New evidence for the biographies of Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli

1983 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 101-122
Author(s):  
Martin Morell
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
New Evidence

Andrea and Giovanni Gabrieli are regarded as the great luminaries of the Venetian school of the second half of the sixteenth century. Although both uncle and nephew were employed at St Mark's as organists, rather than in the nominally more prestigious capacity of maestro di cappella, they contributed powerfully to the development of Venetian music, both sacred and secular, vocal and instrumental. In addition, their profound influence on later Venetian and German composers has long been acknowledged.

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