Introduction: ‘With What Eyes…?’

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Tobias Myers
Keyword(s):  
Public Event ◽  
Culturally Specific ◽  
Funeral Rites ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Comprehensive Study ◽  
The Way

The Introduction considers the key concepts ‘divine perspective’, ‘divine audience’ and ‘Homer’s audience’. It discusses parallels and differences between the divine perspectives that Homer depicts (i.e. of the Olympians), and the divine perspective he adopts (as narrator). It asks what it is in the text of the Iliad that has moved so many critics to liken the gods to the ‘audience’ for an arranged, public event of one sort or another. It shows Jasper Griffin’s widely accepted answer—that the gods sometimes watch passively, with pity or pleasure—to be insufficient. It then proposes that a comprehensive study is needed, which will assess how divine viewing relates to divine control, and analyse the way that Homer builds his ‘divine audience’ in association with three culturally specific contexts: the formal duel, the daïs (banquet), and funeral rites. The chapter concludes with a discussion of ‘Homer’s audience’, laying out the study’s basic assumptions about the audience and performer implied by the text.

Situating Islamic State’s Message

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-83
Author(s):  
Mehdi Laghmari
Keyword(s):  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Islamic State ◽  
Full Spectrum ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The Way

This chapter offers a presentation of the message conveyed in Islamic State (IS) propaganda, as well as an in-depth exploration of its social and theological origins. The chapter thus clarifies the various theological interpretations and social dynamics that constitute the foundation of IS’s message and make it appealing for some. The key concepts structuring IS’s message are highlighted, their origins and evolutions are traced, and the way these concepts have eventually come to coalesce into an autonomous message distinct from those enunciated by other Islamist groups is explained. Such a “genealogy”—ranging from medieval thinker Ibn Taymiyyah to 2018 IS—is required to fully understand how these particular dimensions of this message are articulated and disseminated in specific ways by the various outlets constituting IS’ “full-spectrum propaganda” (magazines, videos, books, etc.).

A New Agenda for Cognitive Development

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Siegler
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Change Process ◽  
Current Practice ◽  
The Core ◽  
Initial Decision ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Children’S Thinking ◽  
The Way

My goal in writing this book is to change the agenda of the field of cognitive development. In particular, I want to promote greater attention to the question that I believe is inherently at the core of the field: How do changes in children’s thinking occur? Focusing on change may not sound like a radical departure from current practice, but I believe it is. It will require reformulation of our basic assumptions about children’s thinking, the kinds of questions we ask about it, our methods for studying it, the mechanisms we propose to explain it, and the basic metaphors that underlie our thinking about it. That modifications of all of these types are being proposed as a package is no accident. Just as existing approaches have directed our attention away from the change process, so may new ones lead us to focus squarely on it. This concluding chapter summarizes the kinds of changes in assumptions, questions, methods, mechanisms, and metaphors that I think are needed. My initial decision to write this book was motivated by a growing discomfort with the large gap between the inherent mission of the field—to understand changes in children’s thinking—and most of what we actually have been studying. As I thought about the problem, I came to the conclusion that existing assumptions, methods, and theories acted in a mutually supportive way to make what we typically do seem essential, and to make doing otherwise—that is, studying change directly—seem impossible. Even approaches that proclaimed themselves to be radical departures from traditional theories maintained many fundamental assumptions of those theories. An increasing body of empirical evidence, however, indicates that some of the assumptions are wrong and that the way in which they are wrong has led us to ignore fundamental aspects of development. In this section, I describe prevailing assumptions regarding variability, choice, and change, and propose alternatives that seem more consistent with empirical data and more useful for increasing our understanding of how changes occur.

Introduction to Kracauer: Abstraction, Redemption and Modernity1

2020 ◽  
pp. 180-190
Author(s):  
Ian Aitken
Keyword(s):  
Physical Reality ◽  
Siegfried Kracauer ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Modern Condition ◽  
The Way

This chapter provides an analysis of the key ideas of Siegfried Kracauer, covering his key concepts of abstraction, redemption and distraction, and his account of the modern condition, the role of conceptual reason within modernity, the subordination of intuition within modernity, and the way that film may contribute to the ‘redemption of physical reality.

On Authoritarian Leadership

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-35
Author(s):  
Graeme Gill
Keyword(s):  
Authoritarian Regime ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Personal Power ◽  
Authoritarian Leadership ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Regime Types ◽  
The Way

This chapter outlines the established view of the way leadership in an authoritarian regime operates, emphasizing its arbitrary and violent dimensions. It criticizes this literature in terms of both its assumptions and its empirical accuracy. The chapter then discusses the key concepts used in the following analysis. It identifies five regime types: single party, electoral authoritarian, military, monarchy and personal dictatorship. It then discusses the nature of authoritarian leadership, conceived in terms of an oligarchy, including the bases upon which personal power can rest. The chapter discusses the nature of rules, introducing the three types of rules identified as central to the conduct of oligarch politics: operational, relational and constitutive rules. An explanation of the structure and a chapter summary of the book follows. An appendix to this chapter lists the twenty-nine rules identified as structuring leadership politics in authoritarian regimes.

Branding on the Internet

2011 ◽  
pp. 57-63
Author(s):  
Mary Lou Roberts ◽  
Eric Schwaab
Keyword(s):  
Online Marketing ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Brand Experience ◽  
Consumer Experience ◽  
Direct Response ◽  
Brand Development ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Marketing Activities ◽  
The Web ◽  
The Way

Marketers have regarded the Internet as the consummate direct-response medium. The ability to interact one-on-one with customers and the ability to track their every move allowed precision targeting never before possible. More recently it has become clear that the Internet can also be used in branding efforts. The ability to blend direct-response and branding efforts is the Internet’s greatest benefit and its ultimate challenge to marketers. This article reviews evidence for the branding impact of online marketing activities. It also looks at the key concepts of interactivity and consumer experience online. It then presents a construct we call interactive brand experience and describes the Internet-specific techniques that can be used to orchestrate brand experience on the Web. It concludes by summarizing the implications of using the Internet for brand development and discussing the way in which branding on the Internet is evolving.

Relations and Relatives

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aparecida Vilaça
Keyword(s):  
Special Issue ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Way

This afterword offers a commentary on the concept of relations discussed in the introduction and the individual contributions to this special issue by critically reflecting on the key concepts that have emerged in it. It contributes to the discussion with a reflection on the use of the term parente in Amazonia, showing how its exclusive use in inter-ethnic contexts indicates a play of perspective in the way that relations between different groups of people are experienced.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Star
Keyword(s):  
Distinctive Feature ◽  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Philosophy Of Language ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
Normative Reasons ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Language Philosophy ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The Way

The purpose and plan of the Handbook is described herein. Key concepts in the contemporary literature on reasons and normativity are introduced, and the forty-four chapters that make up the main body of the Handbook are each summarized. In the process, important connections between the chapters are highlighted. A distinctive feature of the Handbook is said to be the way in which it surveys work on normative reasons in both ethics and epistemology, focusing, when appropriate, on issues concerning unity or lack of it in different domains. It is noted that discussions of reasons and normativity in philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, and aesthetics are also surveyed in the Handbook.

29. Arendt

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Lacroix
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Conception ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Political Interpretation ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Way ◽  
The Human Condition

This chapter examines a number of key concepts in Hannah Arendt's work, with particular emphasis on how they have influenced contemporary thought about the meaning of human rights. It begins with a discussion of Arendt's claim that totalitarianism amounts to a destruction of the political domain and a denial of the human condition itself; this in turn had occurred only because human rights had lost all validity. It then considers Arendt's formula of the ‘right to have rights’ and how it opens the way to a ‘political’ conception of human rights founded on the defence of republican institutions and public-spiritedness. It shows that this ‘political’ interpretation of human rights is itself based on an underlying understanding of the human condition as marked by natality, liberty, plurality and action, The chapter concludes by reflecting on the so-called ‘right to humanity’.

Defective Paradigms

2010 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Design Feature ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Important Design ◽  
As If ◽  
The Way

An important design feature of language is the use of productive patterns in inflection. In English, we have pairs such as ‘enjoy’ — ‘enjoyed’, ‘agree’ — ‘agreed’, and many others. On the basis of this productive pattern, if we meet a new verb ‘transduce’ we know that there will be the form ‘transduced’. Even if the pattern is not fully regular, there will be a form available, as in ‘understand’ — ‘understood’. Surprisingly, this principle is sometimes violated, a phenomenon known as defectiveness, which means there is a gap in a word's set of forms: for example, given the verb ‘forego’, many if not most people are unwilling to produce a past tense. Although such gaps have been known to us since the days of Classical grammarians, they remain poorly understood. Defectiveness contradicts basic assumptions about the way inflectional rules operate, because it seems to require that speakers know that for certain words, not only should one not employ the expected rule, one should not employ any rule at all. This is a serious problem, since it is probably safe to say that all reigning models of grammar were designed as if defectiveness did not exist, and would lose a considerable amount of their elegance if it were properly factored in. This volume addresses these issues from a number of analytical approaches — historical, statistical and theoretical — and by using studies from a range of languages.

On the Category ‘Civilised’ in Liberia and Elsewhere

1982 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Brown
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
Conceptual Clarification ◽  
Cultural Specificity ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
Collective Representations ◽  
Normative Content ◽  
The Way

In any society, and in any period, there are likely to be certain key concepts into which are condensed the prevailing assumptions and attitudes of dominant interest groups. Such collective representations vary both in their cultural specificity, and in the extent and duration of their appeal. They may derive from pre-existing terminologies, with or without contextual modification, or they may appear unheralded in the popular vocabulary of the age. They may appeal to sectional interests or they may, with variable degrees of success, reflect the values and aspirations of the society at large. Yet, whatever their various origins and associations, they tend to have in common two characteristic qualities: a strong normative content, and — perhaps more surprisingly — a formidable resistance to conceptual clarification. There is, then, a mythic element in such terms, in the way that they both harbour ambiguity and obscure its resolution.

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