Inclination without Necessitation

2019 ◽  
pp. 126-162
Author(s):  
Mark Sinclair

The chapter focuses first on Ravaisson’s response to Leibniz’s account of freedom and his modal doctrines. It shows that Leibniz’s account of moral necessity in free acts was important for Ravaisson, since in Of Habit he characterizes the modal status of habit as a ‘necessity of attraction and desire’, and then in 1867 he proclaims the advent of a new spiritualist philosophy, a new philosophy of contingency and spontaneity, under the aegis of a Leibnizian doctrine of moral necessity. The chapter argues that Ravaisson adopted more from Leibniz’s ideas than his own official proclamations can support, but it also shows that he does not adopt a form of monadological metaphysics in De l’habitude. Ravaisson is interested not in what Leibniz says about beings—as monads, as distinct from body, as without causal relations to each other, etc.—but rather in what he says about being as being inclined.

1976 ◽  
Vol 31 (9) ◽  
pp. 671-673
Author(s):  
James Forest

1965 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 136-140
Author(s):  
Cl Jeanty

A method is described in an attempt to make medical records suitable for epidemiologigri: purposes. Every case of a disease is recorded on an appropriate punched card with the object of working towards a general description of a disease through the collation of several cases of the same diagnosis. This punched card represents a very great condensation of the original record. Special care has been applied to state as precisely as possible the time variable, particularly as far as its origin and unit of measure are concerned, in order to demonstrate the existence of causal relations between diseases. Such cards are also intended to make easier statistical studies in clinical pathology, in evaluation of new laboratory techniques, and in therapeutical trials.


2019 ◽  
pp. 247-284
Author(s):  
م.د.فاتن محمد رزاق

The concept of tolerance is gaining its importance in the midst of an international society suffering from violence, wars and internal and international crises. It is practiced by extremist and extremist forces and movements acting in the name of religion to exclude the different Muslim and non-Muslim people according to the unethical practices and methodologies of Islamic law and reality. , Cultural, civilization .. that distinguish our world today. The society today is suffering from the ideas of the intellectual and aesthetic views of the different ideologically, ethnically, culturally and religiously in the world of the South. This is what the end-of-history thesis of Fukuyama and the clash of civilizations represented to Huntington. Therefore, it is necessary to confront these extremist and extremist ideas and behaviors. Peace, security and freedom in the international community of justice and equality, needs to be addressed intellectual, cultural, moral and political before they are legal, these treatments are based on dialogue and cooperation and trust and respect and mutual recognition and tolerance so we find the importance of tolerance to The international community is concerned about the need for mechanisms that confront terrorism and violence with an ideology based on respect for the right of diversity, diversity and pluralism. Accordingly, tolerance is a political, cultural and moral necessity based on international legal foundations represented by the United Nations. Through its conferences, declarations and international resolutions issued by it and its specialized agencies, culminating in the Universal Declaration of Tolerance and the International Day of International Peace, and the political foundations represented by democracy and global citizenship that respects all identities and seeks to respect the rights of other identities under the umbrella of international identity Nsanhuahdh respects everyone, a society with a humanitarian goal of a global civil and Ahdlaaaraf borders and the identity of certain Qomahdolh, cultural and educational foundations through plans and programs with educational encourage a spirit of tolerance and world peace. The study was divided into three topics: the first dealt with the concept of tolerance and world peace, and the second topic dealt with the impact of international law and citizenship. In the promotion of world peace "as one of the elements of global tolerance. The last topic included" the role of democracy and education education "in the promotion of world peace and concluded the study by conclusion.


Author(s):  
Stuart Glennan

This chapter motivates a theory of causation according to which causal claims are existential claims about mechanisms. The chapter begins with a review of the variety of causal claims, emphasizing the differences between singular and general claims, and between claims about causal production and claims about causal relevance. I then argue for singularism—the view that the truth-makers of general causal claims are facts about collections of singular and intrinsic causal relations, and specifically facts about the existence of particular mechanisms. Applying this account, I explore possible truth conditions for causal generalizations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the relationship between mechanistic and manipulability approaches to causation. I argue that Woodward’s manipulability account provides valuable insights into the meaning of causal claims and the methods we use to assess them, but that the underlying truth-makers for the counterfactuals in that account are in fact mechanisms.


Author(s):  
Sherryl H. Goodman ◽  
Meeka S. Halperin

This chapter provides a review of research and a description of the central issues regarding the stressor of depression in mothers during pregnancy and the postpartum periods in relation to risk for the development of psychopathology in offspring. Where evidence allows, causal relations are emphasized; otherwise, limitations are noted, especially those regarding being able to draw causal conclusions from the correlational approaches typically taken in this area of study. Evidence for mechanisms in the transmission of risk is also described, given the potential for understanding causal relations. With the developmental psychopathology perspective of depression as a stressor for offspring, the focus is on vulnerabilities to and early signs of disorder as well as mental health outcomes per se. The chapter concludes with suggested critical issues in the field and recommendations for future directions for research.


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