Annex

2019 ◽  
pp. 195-288
Author(s):  
Ulrich Bindseil
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Central Banking ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Land Bank ◽  
The Way

The annex presents, with a common template, a catalogue of 25 pre-1800 central banks. While it benefits considerably from previous surveys, it has a narrower focus on central bank operations and balance sheets, and on the genealogy of central banking. It also includes some banks which are not contained in the previous surveys of Roberds and Velde (the Bank of Scotland, the Banco di Santo Spirito di Roma, the American settlers’ land bank projects, the central bank projects of Leipzig and Cologne, the Copenhagen bank, the Russian Assignation Banks, the Banco Nacional de San Carlo, the Bank of North America, and the Bank of the United States). Not all institutions completely fulfil the definition of a central bank, and particularly not for the entire lifetime of its existence. However, all banks included had, at least in the way they were conceived, important elements of central banking, and thereby at least illustrate the challenges that central bank design faced pre-1800.

When Immigrants Are Not Migrants: Counting Arrivals of the Foreign Born Using the U.S. Census

1998 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Ellis ◽  
Richard Wright
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Migration Status ◽  
Recent Immigrant ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The U.S ◽  
The Way

This paper compares characteristics of recent immigrant arrivals in the United States using two measures from the decennial U.S. census: the came-to-stay question and the migration question. We show that a little under 30 percent of immigrants who reported they came to stay between 1985–1990 on the 1990 U.S. Census Public Use Micro Sample were resident in the United States on April 1, 1985. A similar analysis of the 1980 censue reveals that 22 percent of immigrants who reported they came to stay between 1975–1980 lived in the United States on April 1, 1975. Thus among recent arrivals, defined as those who reported they came to stay in the quinquennium preceding the census, a large number were resident in the United States five years before the census date. Furthermore, the proportion of recent arrivals present in the United States five years before the census increased between 1975–1980 and 1985–1990. We show that the profile of recent arrivals is sensitive to their migration status. Generally, in both the 1975–1980 and 1985–1990 cohorts, those resident in the United States five years before the census have significantly less schooling and lower incomes than those who were abroad. Accordingly, we argue that estimates of the skill levels and hourly wages of recent arrivals to the United States vary with the way arrival is measured. Researchers who rely on Public Use samples of the U.S. census for their data should be aware that the year of entry question implies a broader definition of arrival than the migration question. We caution that immigration researchers should consider the idea of arrival more carefully to help distinguish newcomers from the resident foreign born.

Early Central Banks’ Economics and Balance Sheets

2019 ◽  
pp. 155-171
Author(s):  
Ulrich Bindseil
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Business Model ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Central Banking ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Bank Funding ◽  
High Level

This chapter summarizes the roles of the various central bank operations in the pre-1800 world, what one can conclude on the overall economics and business model of early central banking, and what this implies in terms of overall balance sheet and risk management approach. The ‘alchemical quest’ of early central banking included in particular the universal challenge of bank balance sheet management to achieve significant liquidity, maturity, and credit transformation while preserving bank funding stability also in future stress situations at a high level of confidence. Section 6.1 reviews again in one context the key balance sheet positions of early central banks and the associated economic functions and market operations. Section 6.2 systematically compares the operations of the major early central banks and reviews their balance sheet structures and relative sizes.

Shouldn't Dead Be Dead?: The Search for a Uniform Definition of Death

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariane Lewis ◽  
Katherine Cahn-Fuller ◽  
Arthur Caplan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Supreme Court ◽  
The United States ◽  
Definition Of Death ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Uniform Definition ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Death By Neurologic Criteria ◽  
The Way

In 1968, the definition of death in the United States was expanded to include not just death by cardiopulmonary criteria, but also death by neurologic criteria. We explore the way the definition has been modified by the medical and legal communities over the past 50 years and address the medical, legal and ethical controversies associated with the definition at present, with a particular highlight on the Supreme Court of Nevada Case of Aden Hailu.

The Politics of Monetary Policy: A Critical Review

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Woolley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Federal Reserve ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Federal Reserve Bank ◽  
Reserve Bank ◽  
Banking Institution

ABSTRACTThe Federal Reserve Bank of the United States is a pre-eminent banking institution, and an institution that has been subject to scrutiny from a wide variety of scholarly perspectives. The object of this article is to review prominent works dealing with the politics of the Federal Reserve, particularly its relations with other institutions and their effects on monetary policy. The review shows that the formal legal independence of a central bank such as the Fed does not mark the end of monetary politics, and its record suggests a greater measure of modesty and caution on the part of enthusiasts for independent central banks.

Networks and financial war: the brothers Warburg in the first age of globalization

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-318
Author(s):  
Harold James
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Banking ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Substantial Role ◽  
Financial Panic ◽  
Financial Power ◽  
Economic Considerations

This article examines the geo-economic consequences of the financial panic of October 1907. The vulnerability of the United States, but also of Germany, contrasted with the absence of a crisis in Great Britain. The experience showed the fast-growing industrial powers the desirability of mobilizing financial power, and the article examines the contributions of two influential brothers, Max and Paul Warburg, on different sides of the Atlantic. The discussion led to the establishment of a central bank in the United States and institutional improvements in German central banking: in both cases security as well as economic considerations played a substantial role.

scholarly journals What's in a Name? Racial and Ethnic Classifications and the Meaning of Hispanic/Latino in the United States

2004 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith M. Kilty ◽  
Maria Videl de Haymes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
The United States ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Over Time ◽  
National Borders ◽  
The Way

The first national census was conducted in 1790, and has been repeated at ten year intervals ever since. While census taking has been consistent, the way individuals have been counted and categorized on the basis of race and ethnicity has varied over time. This paper examines how the official census definition of Latinos has changed over the twenty-two census periods. The modifications of the official definition of this group are discussed in relation to changes in national borders, variations in methodology used for census data gathering, and shifting political contexts.

The Romantic Indian

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-52
Author(s):  
Kate Flint
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Native Peoples ◽  
Primitive People ◽  
The Way

This chapter looks at the image of the Indian that the nineteenth century inherited from Romantic writing, one that emphasized the trope of the “dying Indian” as a member of a race associated with positive connotations of bravery, loyalty, dignity, and so on. It shows how it provided an opportunity for poets to exploit their fondness for the melancholic or to explore the qualities of supposedly primitive people. The chapter then traces the shift from the way in which the Indian was seen as a vehicle of rhetorical eloquence to being a figure of pathos. How did this transition come about? The answer lies in a combination of factors. Taken together, these illustrate the interdependency of poetic traditions on either side of the Atlantic during this period and the adaptability of the idea of the dying Indian to serve a range of aesthetic, political, and emotional ends. In both Britain and the United States, there was a growing and increasingly compassionately expressed knowledge about what was happening to native peoples. Indians in North America, however numerous they might appear to those who still saw them as formidable military allies or opponents, were becoming increasingly vulnerable: not just to diseases, but to displacement.

The Lion and the Mouse

2020 ◽  
pp. 85-114
Author(s):  
Dominic D. P. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North America ◽  
American Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Power ◽  
George Washington ◽  
Intense Competition ◽  
Small Measure ◽  
The Way

This chapter looks at a case study of the American Revolution to suggest that George Washington and the birth of the United States benefited in no small measure from a remarkable confidence. It highlights the overconfidence that inspired Washington to fight and sustain the revolution despite the formidable odds stacked against them and repeated setbacks along the way. It also highlights how ambition and boldness paid off in a long and grueling war in which Americans lost most of the battles and struggled to keep an army in the field. The chapter discusses the battle for North America, which was aimed to preserve global political and economic power at a time of intense competition with lethal enemies that threatened the British and their colonial territories. It investigates what led Washington to believe he could win, given the daunting circumstances.

Bases of Credit

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon James Bytheway ◽  
Mark Metzler
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Federal Reserve ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
Central Banking ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Institutional Practices ◽  
Global System ◽  
Reserve System

This introductory chapter provides a background of central banks. A century ago, when the Federal Reserve System was first established in the United States, central banks based their own creation of money and credit on their holdings of gold. These two institutional practices—central banking, and the use of gold as monetary reserves—were the bases of the world's first truly globalized credit system. This global system was originally centered in London, with the Bank of England at the center of the center. Today, the actions of central banks continue to move economies, perhaps even more than they did a century ago. Gold-backed currencies are a thing of the past, but central banks nonetheless remain the biggest owners of gold, while gold markets seem to have an ongoing monetary significance.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document