Land Banks' Impact on Agrarian Reform and Equitable Land Redistribution

<p>Agrarian Reform and Land Redistribution have been pursued by the government in various ways. Still, the key question is whether establishing a Land Bank will result in a fair redistribution of land. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of land banks on agrarian reform and equitable land redistribution following the passage of the Job Creation Act. The findings revealed that the land bank only has a few abandoned lands that are not held by the state, which will be used by the form based on public interest and subsequently handed to the community. The existence of a land bank is a government endeavor to offer land for the public good and for persons who require it.</p>

Obstacle Capability of an Air-Ground Amphibious Reconnaissance Robot with a Planetary Wheel-Leg Type Structure

According to the requirements of the reconnaissance robot for the ability to adapt to a complex environment and the in-depth study of the obstacle climbing mechanisms, a planetary wheel-leg-combined mechanism capable of adapting to complex terrains is proposed. According to the proposed planetary wheel-leg-combined mechanism, the land part of the air-ground amphibious reconnaissance robot is designed. Considering the obstacle and fast marching performance, four groups of combined wheel-leg mechanisms are adopted in the land bank. Under the action of three kinds of obstacles, the stability and the movement ability of the robot are analyzed by using the static method. The parameter model of the reconnaissance robot is built by a virtual prototype dynamics software MSC.ADMAS. The kinematic characteristic curves of each component and the whole prototype are obtained, which provides a theoretical basis for the design and numerical calculation of the robot structure. Finally, the climbing ability tests of the reconnaissance robot prototype verify the reliability and practicability of the body structure of the reconnaissance robot.

PENGATURAN BANK TANAH DALAM UNDANG-UNDANG CIPTA KERJA DAN IMPLIKASI KEBERADAAN BANK TANAH TERHADAP HUKUM PERTANAHAN DI INDONESIA

Land is one of sources of natural wealth as stated in Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution and is implemented based on the national land law as regulated in Agrarian Law. Government must manage land for the greatest prosperity of the people. The problems in land management is difficulty in carrying out a land acquisition for public interest. Many lands controlled by land brokers/speculators have been abandoned. This condition causes national development to become obstructed and requires enormous financing. The government formed a land bank which is regulated in Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation. This research is intended to describe and explain regulation of Land Bank in the Job Creation Act and Government Regulation of Land Bank Agency and the implications for national land law. This study uses normative legal research with conceptual and statutory approach. The legal materials consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The land bank regulation contains the establishment of Land Bank Agency, functions, objectives, institutional structure of Land Bank, the assets of Land Bank Agency, land rights granted to Land Bank Agency, and position and nature of land bank. It is feared that existence of Land Bank will deviate from the objectives of agrarian reform and the principles of national land law because there are vague, unclear, and potentially contain conflicts of interest and abuse of authority. There is a need for changes to a number of applicable provisions in a comprehensive and systematic manner and socialization of the existence of a land bank. Tanah merupakan salah satu sumber kekayaan alam yang dicantumkan dalam Pasal 33 UUD 1945 dan dilaksanakan berdasarkan hukum tanah nasional dalam Undang-Undang Pokok Agraria. Pemerintah memiliki kewajiban untuk mengelola tanah bagi sebesar-besarnya kemakmuran rakyat. Permasalahan dalam pengelolaan tanah adalah kesulitan melakukan pengadaan tanah bagi kepentingan umum. Banyak tanah yang dikuasai oleh makelar atau spekulan tanah yang diterlantarkan. Kondisi ini menjadikan pembangunan nasional menjadi terhambat dan memerlukan pembiayaan yang begitu besar. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut pemerintah membentuk Bank Tanah yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menguraikan dan menjelaskan pengaturan Bank Tanah dalam UU Cipta Kerja dan PP Badan Bank Tanah serta implikasi yang ditimbulkan terhadap hukum tanah nasional. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan menggunakan pendekatan konseptual dan perundang-undangan. Bahan hukum penelitian menggunakan bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier. Dari hasil penelitian, pengaturan bank tanah memuat tentang pembentukan Badan Bank Tanah, fungsi, tujuan, struktur kelembagaan Bank Tanah, kekayaan Badan Bank Tanah, hak atas tanah yang diberikan kepada Badan Bank Tanah, serta kedudukan dan sifat bank tanah. Keberadaan Bank Tanah dikhawatirkan akan menyimpang dari tujuan reforma agraria dan asas-asas hukum pertanahan nasional karena terdapat ketentuan yang sumir, tidak jelas, dan berpotensi mengandung konflik kepentingan dan penyalahgunaan wewenang. Perlu adanya perubahan terhadap sejumlah ketentuan yang berlaku secara komprehensif dan sistematis serta diperlukan sosialisasi terhadap keberadaan Bank Tanah sehingga solusi Bank Tanah dapat menyelesaikan masalah pertanahan.

AGRIBUSINESS AS THE SOLUTION FOR THE UNDERUTILIZED WAQF LANDS: A VIEWPOINT FROM THE WAQF ADMINISTRATORS

Waqf land bank in Malaysia has huge potential to be developed but most of the lands are underutilized due to the administrative and legal (conventional and Shariah) issues that are plaguing them. The underutilized land size is estimated to be around 87% from the 30,000 hectares waqf lands, as at 2018. This study focuses on Selangor and Perak to explore on the same issue by interviewing the relevant key informants to gather their feedback. In order to unlock the potential of these waqf lands, pragmatic model or approach needs to be researched and implemented - and this study suggests agribusiness. Therefore, this study embarks on the preliminary field work that intends to assess the potential to develop the waqf lands in Selangor and Perak for agribusiness activities.

LAND-LEASING BEHAVIOR, LOCAL OFFICIALS’ PROMOTIONS, AND CHINESE CITIES’ DEBT RISKS

This study first analyzes how local governments’ land-leasing behaviors affect Chinese cities’ debt risk then examines the impact of officials’ promotion mechanisms on debt risk in China’s urban land bank system. The land-leasing behavior is reflected through three indicators, namely, land-leasing revenue, land-leasing scale, and land financial dependence level. Two new indicators are constructed to measure the local government’ debt risk from the perspective of debt scale and debt repayment: the debt scale risk and debt burden risk. Empirical analyses are based on the data of 281 prefecture-level cities from 2006–2015. The main findings are twofold. First, the debt scale risk is positively affected by the land-leasing revenue, and officials’ promotion pressure. The debt burden risk is positively affected by the land financial dependence and officials’ promotion pressure. Second, the officials’ promotion pressure significantly enhances the positive effect of land-leasing revenue on the debt scale risk. Local officials, who are under promotion pressure, are inclined to expand the size of urban investment bonds, which increases debt scale risk.

STATE LAND BANK: HISTORY OF CREATION AND DEVELOPMENT IN UKRAINE AND THE WORLD

The article presents retrospective analysis of the creation and development of the State Land Bank in Ukraine. It is substantiated that for the effective functioning of the land market, among other components, the functioning of proper infrastructure and system of state control is necessary, when the State Land Bank or other specialized state institution plays an important role and performs the functions of the market regulator and land manager. Study of the peculiarities of the functioning of mortgage lending systems at foreign countries and the possibility of applying foreign experience for the development of mortgage relations in agriculture of Ukraine are conducted. The perfect infrastructure of the mortgage and credit market ensures high efficiency of mortgage relations. It is identified that important elements of the infrastructure of the mortgage market in many countries are: land cadastre and centralized credit bureau with access of banks to their information in real time, centralized real estate database; stock exchanges, clearing centers and the clearing system of the central bank, specialized banks and structures (corporations, funds, management), state trust guarantee funds. In today's conditions, when Ukrainian agricultural producers use land on lease, the expediency of creating the appropriate state institutions, including the establishment of the State Land (Mortgage) Bank, is growing. Its functioning will promote to: the development of mortgages on agricultural land; improve the conditions of medium- and long-term lending secured by land to meet the needs of agricultural producers and the population living in rural areas; expand the possibilities of agricultural production; provide regulation of the pricing process for land plots; ensure the effective operation of the land redistribution mechanism; will help attract investment in agriculture and additional investments in land to maintain its fertility, etc.

Determining the key success factors in the organization of BP Tapera

The purpose of this paper is to determine the Key Success Factors in the operationalization of BP. Tapera (Public Housing Savings Implementing Agency), so that solutions to the challenges faced by institutions in the future will be found, as well as ways to achieve successful performance. As results of external analysis research, showing several key success factors, including high economic growth, large population, implementation of mandatory Tapera membership, high yielding Tapera fund accumulation, transparent and accountable Tapera administration principles, the culture of mutual cooperation and humanity, availability of adequate office/branch services, availability of integrated IT, Decrease Termination of Employment, Employment Increase, Price Stability, Equitable Development Results, Participant Awareness and Trust, Employer Support, Land Bank Availability. As a follow-up study, BP. Tapera must immediately develop and perform strategies to implement these key success factors.

Activities of the Peasant Land Bank in Penza province of Russia (1883-1915)

The reform of 1861 not only freed the peasants from serfdom, but also led to radical economic changes in the agrarian sphere. The peasantry was involved in civil and legal relations associated with the purchase and sale of land. In order to assist land-poor peasants in the purchase of land, a specialized credit institution was created, which issued loans on favorable terms against the security of the acquired land plots. The purpose of this study is to identify the features of the activity of the Peasant Land Bank in the territory of the Penza province of Russia. Based on the materials of the Penza province, the main indicators of the activity of the Peasant Land Bank are analyzed, the dynamics of credit operations, the influence of its activities on the growth of land prices are considered, regional features of the processes under study are indicated. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the creation and operation of the Peasant Land Bank was an element of the government's agricultural policy aimed at creating peasant land tenure by providing loans to buy land from private owners.

East Slavic historiography on the valuation of land in the Belarusian provinces in the second half of the XIX – early XX century

The article is devoted to the analysis of the main approaches to estimating the value of land plots in the Russian Empire of the second half of the XIX – beginning of the XX century. Eastern Slavic historiography of the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern period. The objectives of the article are to determine the average market value of land in the provinces and compare it with the size of redemption payments, identify typical conditions for the implementation of the agrarian reform of 1861 for the Belarusian provinces, compare the approaches of representatives of Eastern Slavic historiography to the redemption operation and activities of the Peasant and Noble Land banks, analyze the factors that form value of land sold through the Peasant Land Bank. The article reflects the sharply negative assessments of the peasant reform of 1861 and the activities of the Peasant Land Bank in the pre-revolutionary and Soviet historiography. In this case, attention is drawn to the more favorable conditions for the redemption operation for the peasants of the Belarusian provinces, reducing the cost of peasant holdings and bringing them closer to the market value of land. Modern historiography stands in solidarity with the conclusions of the peasants’ repeated overpayment of the cost of their liberation, but connects this with the banking crisis, which predetermined the high cost of redemption. At the same time, modern researchers, on the basis of mathematical and economic methods, revised approaches to assessing the activities of the Peasant and Noble Land Banks, recognizing their role in mobilizing land ownership and solving the issue of peasant land shortages.