The Legacy in Troubled Times

2020 ◽  
pp. 191-224
Author(s):  
Constantine Michalopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Aid Effectiveness ◽  
Development Cooperation ◽  
Fragile States ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Substantial Progress ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Changing Attitudes

The deep crisis which afflicted the developed countries in 2008 ushered in a new era with complex impacts on development cooperation. In 2015 the UN was able to celebrate the achievement of substantial progress in meeting the MDGs and to set up a new set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to be achieved by 2030. But the crisis resulted in tight budgets in several European countries and led to reductions in their aid flows as well as changing attitudes towards economic assistance. Developing country needs also changed with emerging powers needing less aid and fragile states receiving greater international attention. The combination led to a variety of new aid practices and forms of collaboration which affected aid effectiveness, some adversely. This chapter reviews international cooperation for development as well as the U4 aid programmes during the past decade in order to gauge the relevance of the U4 legacy to the continuing challenges of eradicating poverty and achieving sustainable development.

International Economic Assistance in the 1970's — A Critique of Partners in Development (Review Article)

1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-490
Author(s):  
Nurul Islam
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
International Aid ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Economic Assistance ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Service Charge ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Defence Expenditure

Foreign economic aid is at the cross-roads. There is an atmosphere of gloom and disenchantment surrounding international aid in both the developed and developing countries — more so in the former than in the latter. Doubts have grown in the developed countries, especially among the conservatives in these countries, as to the effectiveness of aid in promoting economic development, the wastes and inefficiency involved in the use of aid, the adequacy of self-help on the part of the recipient countries in husbanding and mobilising their own resources for development and the dangers of getting involved, through ex¬tensive foreign-aid operations, in military or diplomatic conflicts. The waning of confidence on the part of the donors in the rationale of foreign aid has been accentuated by an increasing concern with their domestic problems as well as by the occurrence of armed conflicts among the poor, aid-recipient countries strengthened by substantial defence expenditure that diverts resources away from development. The disenchantment on the part of the recipient countries is, on the other hand, associated with the inadequacy of aid, the stop-go nature of its flow in many cases, and the intrusion of noneconomic considerations governing the allocation of aid amongst the recipient countries. There is a reaction in the developing countries against the dependence, political and eco¬nomic, which heavy reliance on foreign aid generates. The threat of the in¬creasing burden of debt-service charge haunts the developing world and brings them back to the donors for renewed assistance and/or debt rescheduling.

scholarly journals Social Priorities of Less Developed Countries Sustainable Housing (Case of Sudan)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Ayman K. Abdelgadir ◽  
Omer A. Abu Elzein ◽  
Faris Hameed
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Social Sustainability ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Housing Development ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Less Developed Countries ◽  
Sustainable Housing ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Developed Countries

Sustainable development and sustainable housing indicators are a response to the trend of adopting sustainable development objectives, adopted by most countries, especially developed and less developed countries. It is difficult to implement indicators developed for a developing country context in other contexts with different social, economic and environmental conditions. Social sustainability is the most important priority regarding evaluating the housing development projects in the developed and less developed countries. Economic conditions is linked in many aspects to the social sustainability indicators. Environmental indicators are important, but the less developed countries in general has a very low environmental foot prints, this is because the industry sector is usually week comparing to the developed countries. This paper reviews the sustainable housing indicators, with a focus on United Nations reports and indicators developed for contexts similar to study area, without ignoring the most reputable indicators developed for developing countries context. The research came with a set of indicators reflects the social priorities of the new housing development in Sudan. A questionnaire participants decided the relative important of each indicator and also the importance of the parameters of each indicator. Developing a set of social priorities for Sudan will give extra efficiency in promoting and assessing sustainability in the study area. Description of the questionnaire results which reflects the national social sustainable housing development priorities are discussed. The researches came with a set of recommendations to enhance the social aspects for new housing development projects in Sudan. Using this set of priorities and recommendations will give extra efficiency in promoting and assessing sustainability in the study area.

scholarly journals The Latest Progress and Development Trend in the Research of Ballistocardiography (BCG) and Seismocardiogram (SCG) in the Field of Health Care

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 8896
Author(s):  
Xiuping Han ◽  
Xiaofei Wu ◽  
Jiadong Wang ◽  
Hongwen Li ◽  
Kaimin Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Assessment ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Important Direction ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Developed Countries

The current status of the research of Ballistocardiography (BCG) and Seismocardiogram (SCG) in the field of medical treatment, health care and nursing was analyzed systematically, and the important direction in the research was explored, to provide reference for the relevant researches. This study, based on two large databases, CNKI and PubMed, used the bibliometric analysis method to review the existing documents in the past 20 years, and made analyses on the literature of BCG and SCG for their annual changes, main countries/regions, types of research, frequently-used subject words, and important research subjects. The results show that the developed countries have taken a leading position in the researches in this field, and have made breakthroughs in some subjects, but their research results have been mainly gained in the area of research and development of the technologies, and very few have been actually industrialized into commodities. This means that in the future the researchers should focus on the transformation of BCG and SCG technologies into commercialized products, and set up quantitative health assessment models, so as to become the daily tools for people to monitor their health status and manage their own health, and as the main approaches of improving the quality of life and preventing diseases for individuals.

Corporate Social Responsibility of Public Banking Sector for Sustainable Development

2019 ◽  
pp. 467-488
Author(s):  
Naglaa Fathy El Dessouky
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Corporate Social

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a significant field of studies to stress the importance of the new role of organizations towards the society for sustainable development. Nowadays, an enormous number of authors have been participating in this field to highlight the responsibility of organizations towards the community, society and the natural environment where they are operating. Despite the growing number of researches related to CSR in the developed countries little empirical studies have been devoted to examine CSR concept and practice in the African countries, the MENA region (Middle-East and North Africa), as well as in the Golf countries. This chapter seeks to study CSR concept and practice in the emerging market economies (EMEs). It will mainly focus on the implementations of CSR by the public banking sector. We will investigate the role of the public banking sector existing in an Arab country in comparison to an Asian country to explain and analyze the similarities and differences of CSR activities in both experiences. In this comparative study we will primarily examine Banque Misr, as one of the oldest and largest public bank in Egypt and the Malayan Banking Berhad (trading as Maybank) as the largest public bank in Malaysia. After a meticulous review of literature, we propose a systemic framework to study CSR practices and policy implementations. We illustrated the CSR as a constant process where all variables are interrelated and are affecting each other in a mutual approach. In this systemic framework we advocated to study all significant variables related to CSR practice as: the history/philosophy development, core-values, CSR adopted definition, motives, key players, approaches, stakeholders focus, sectors of intervention and mechanisms of policy implementations. The chapter concludes that common CSR policies exist between the Malaysian and the Egyptian experience. Nevertheless the Malaysian model has formulated an elaborated and further sophisticated CSR public banking program. Meanwhile, the Egyptian model needs to adopt more global oriented CSR public banking policies, in particular to assure the sustainable development requirements.

Aid Effectiveness

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-104
Author(s):  
Constantine Michalopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Aid Effectiveness ◽  
Development Cooperation ◽  
Fragile States ◽  
Partner Country ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Bilateral Assistance

This chapter starts with a description of some of the specific steps the Utstein group took to streamline their aid procedures in order to reduce the burdens imposed on partner countries and increase effectiveness in the implementation of their bilateral assistance programmes. This is followed by a similar discussion of U4 efforts to help improve the effectiveness of EU aid in which three of the four ministers were involved. The chapter then turns to a discussion of the U4 aid to Tanzania which four of them visited in 2000 as a showcase of what they had been advocating. They spread their message about a new approach to development cooperation in which the partner country is in the driver’s seat by organizing so called ‘Big Tables’ with African leaders (including Ministers of Finance) that permitted a frank exchange of views on ways to make aid more effective in achieving poverty reduction. The final part of the chapter reviews U4’s support to fragile states, focusing on their joint efforts in several countries, including the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sierra Leone, and Sudan.

Research and Practice on the Construction of Campus Network Security

2015 ◽  
Vol 738-739 ◽  
pp. 1189-1192
Author(s):  
Xue Lei Jing
Keyword(s):  
Computer Network ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Campus Network ◽  
Center Staff ◽  
Network Information ◽  
Scientific Network ◽  
Information Center ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Developed Countries

Since 1980's, all the developed countries have built up national computer network of education and scientific network, which have been the most important infrastructure of education and scientific research in these countries and facilitate their development. China began to invest in building Cernet (China Education and Research Network) since 1994.Many colleges and universities have set up their own campus network. Liaocheng University set up their own campus network in 1997. In order to ensure high availability, high stability and high security of campus network, network information center staff conducted a lot of practice to explore, finally we find some way for Liaocheng University.

scholarly journals Public-Private Partnership: Toward More Effective International Development Cooperation

2019 ◽  
Vol 05 (04) ◽  
pp. 533-555
Author(s):  
Jiang Lu ◽  
Wu Zetao
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Public Private Partnership ◽  
Development Cooperation ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Private Partnership ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Set Up ◽  
International Development Cooperation

In the 21st century, the traditional model of official development assistance (ODA) promoted by developed countries is faced with many challenges. One of them is the emergence of the “public-private partnership (PPP)” model for international development cooperation (IDC), which has become increasingly popular among developed countries and international organizations over the past decade. This article explores the origin, meaning, and mechanism of the PPP model, and discusses the major obstacles it encounters in practice. The article also compares PPP with China’s “development package” model, and puts forward some policy recommendations on China’s participation in IDC. Although China is a pioneer in carrying out public-private cooperation in international development, it needs to fully reflect on its experience, so as to formulate clearer guiding principles and management rules on public-private cooperation. It is also imperative for the country to set up relevant institutions and mechanisms to promote PPP practices.

SWOT Analysis on Chinese Photovoltaic Industry

2012 ◽  
Vol 608-609 ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
Chi Ma ◽  
Jue Ying Zhang ◽  
Ying De Hu ◽  
Chen Xuan Dong
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
International Market ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Product Demand ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Way

The photovoltaic (PV) industry in China has been developed at a remarkable speed, being supported by the governments and the PV product demand from the international market especially in the developed countries. However, the PV industry in China, now, is coped with a severe challenge due to the several causes. The analysis in the way of SWOT was conducted to figure out the appropriate strategies not only for photovoltaic industry survival but also for the sustainable development.

The Comparison and Analysis of Governance Framework for Public Projects: China and the Developed Countries, and Implications

2013 ◽  
Vol 357-360 ◽  
pp. 2830-2833
Author(s):  
Yun Na Wu ◽  
Naren Mandula ◽  
Hao Zhen Qi ◽  
Zhen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Regulatory Issues ◽  
Governance Framework ◽  
Public Projects ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Important Means ◽  
Comparison And Analysis ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Developed Countries

It is an important means to fulfill its functions that government invests projects, and is what the people's livelihood. Therefore, the governance for public projects is serious. Nowadays, there are many regulatory issues in China. This paper explores, compares and analyzes the governance framework of the developed countries, then find out the similarities and differences between them. Learning from their advanced ideas and methods, from the regulatory laws and regulations, regulatory bodies set up to find loopholes in supervision. Meanwhile, it gives implications about Chinas governance framework.

scholarly journals Climate Change, Sustainable Development and Developing Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Asa Mugenyi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Address Climate Change ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Combat Climate Change ◽  
International Conventions

This Article addresses the issue whether climate change is a myth or a reality. Can if affect development of developing countries? This article is a qualitative research on the need of developing countries to strike a balance on the options of choosing whether to pursue sustainable development goals only or addressing climate change and its effects or both. Developing countries are affected by climate change just like the developed countries. If they were to ignore it this would affect their sustainable development goals. However to address climate change, their pursuit of sustainable development is affected. Resources that would be used in achieving the goals of sustainable development are diverted to combating the effects of climate change. Developing countries lack the technology and finances to combat climate change on their own. They need developed countries to assist them. However this assistance is not forthcoming. Therefore there is a need to strike a balance between what goals to pursue. We look at Uganda as an example of a developing country that is affected by climate change and how it has coped briefly. We look at the international conventions that deal with climate change including the Paris Agreement and we see how they impact on developing countries’ pursuit of sustainable development goals. Are the conventions adequate?

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