Minimizing f-Divergence

2019 ◽  
pp. 413-425
Author(s):  
Tomas Björk
Keyword(s):  
Utility Maximization ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Martingale Measure ◽  
Entropy Measures ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Generalized Distance

The f-divergence between two measures can be viewed as a generalized “distance” between the measures. In order to find a unique martingale measure we can then choose the measure which minimizes the f-divergence to the objective measure. We derive the necessary theory of f-divergences and we present the corresponding dual utility maximization theory. We also study some examples, for example, minimal entropy measures.

scholarly journals Generalized Distance-Based Entropy and Dimension Root Entropy for Simplified Neutrosophic Sets

Entropy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Hua Cui ◽  
Jun Ye
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Entropy Measure ◽  
Entropy Theory ◽  
Neutrosophic Sets ◽  
Numerical Example ◽  
Entropy Measures ◽  
Interval Valued ◽  
Generalized Distance

In order to quantify the fuzziness in the simplified neutrosophic setting, this paper proposes a generalized distance-based entropy measure and a dimension root entropy measure of simplified neutrosophic sets (NSs) (containing interval-valued and single-valued NSs) and verifies their properties. Then, comparison with the existing relative interval-valued NS entropy measures through a numerical example is carried out to demonstrate the feasibility and rationality of the presented generalized distance-based entropy and dimension root entropy measures of simplified NSs. Lastly, a decision-making example is presented to illustrate their applicability, and then the decision results indicate that the presented entropy measures are effective and reasonable. Hence, this study enriches the simplified neutrosophic entropy theory and measure approaches.

Hand ownership and hand position in the rubber hand illusion are uncorrelated

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas P. Holmes ◽  
Tamar R. Makin ◽  
Michelle Cadieux ◽  
Claire Williams ◽  
Katherine R. Naish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Objective Measure ◽  
Rubber Hand Illusion ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Rubber Hand ◽  
Manual Pointing ◽  
Staircase Procedure ◽  
Two Measures

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a multisensory (visual, tactile, proprioceptive) illusion in which participants report body ownership over, mislocalize actual hand position to, and feel touches applied to, the rubber hand. For many years, researchers have used changes in perceived hand position, measured by inter-manual pointing, as a more objective measure of the illusion than verbal reports alone. Despite this reliance, there is little evidence to show that the illusion of hand ownership is directly related to perceived hand position. We developed an adaptive staircase procedure to measure perceived hand position, and tested whether the RHI affected perceived hand position. In two experiments we found a significant illusion of ownership, as well as significant changes in perceived hand position, but these two measures were uncorrelated. In a third experiment using more typical RHI procedures, we again replicated significant illusions of ownership and changes in hand position, but again the measures were uncorrelated. We conclude that viewing and feeling touches applied to a dummy hand results in clear illusions of ownership and changes in hand position, but via independent mechanisms.

A Comparative Analysis of Sagat and Sart for Evaluations of Situation Awareness

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mica R. Endsley ◽  
Stephen J. Selcon ◽  
Thomas D. Hardiman ◽  
Darryl G. Croft
Keyword(s):  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Global Assessment ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Subjective Rating ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Highly Correlated

Situation awareness (SA) has become an important criterion for systems evaluation efforts. Several measures of SA have been developed, the most widely used among them being the Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) and the Situational Awareness Rating Technique (SART). SAGAT provides an objective measure of SA based on queries during freezes in a simulation. SART provides a subjective rating of SA by operators. This paper presents a direct comparison of the two measures which were used within a display evaluation study. It was found that both SART and SAGAT contributed sensitivity and diagnosticity regarding the effects of the display concept. The SART measure was highly correlated with subjective measures of confidence level, a simple subjective SA measure and a subjective performance measure. The SAGAT and SART measures were not correlated with each other. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of subjective SA measures are discussed as well as advantages and disadvantages of both measurement approaches.

Benefits of Using Objective and Subjective Workload Measures

1984 ◽  
Vol 28 (11) ◽  
pp. 950-953 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Crabtree ◽  
Robert P. Bateman ◽  
William H. Acton
Keyword(s):  
Rank Order ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Primary Task ◽  
Subjective Workload ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Level Of Significance ◽  
Interval Production ◽  
Insight Into

This paper describes the results of two measures of workload, one objective, one subjective, that were applied to a series of switch setting exercises. The objective measure was an Interval Production Task (IPT), based upon a secondary task paradigm, in which the subject is required to maintain a constant rate of tapping with one hand while performing the primary task with the other hand. According to the supporting theory, variations in workload on the primary task will be reflected in variations in the tapping rate. Previous studies have found the IPT to be particularly sensitive to changes in the psychomotor workload. The subjective measures used were the Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT). Although the two workload measures did not produce the same level of significance for workload differences, it should be noted that they did produce the same rank order for the three tasks. It was concluded that the use of both subjective and objective measures of workload could produce increased confidence in the results, as well as insight into the nature of the task loading.

Parental Perceptions of Health Status and Psychologic Adjustment of Children With Asthma

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
James M. Perrin ◽  
William E. MacLean ◽  
Ellen C. Perrin
Keyword(s):  
Medication Use ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Health Resources ◽  
Severity Of Illness ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Parental Report ◽  
Children With Asthma ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between severity of illness and psychologic adjustment was evaluated in 46 children with asthma. Two measures of the severity of asthma were used: the first, a composite objective measure based on clinical history and the second, parental estimates of the severity of their child's illness. Psychologic adjustment was measured by the Health Resources Inventory, a parental report of childhood behavior. Parental estimates of severity were correlated significantly with the objective measure of severity (r = .39; P < .01), although a concordance value of 54% indicated marked lack of agreement between parental and objective ratings. As a group, children in this study achieved apparently normal adjustment scores, although scores ranged widely across all categories of severity. Children whose parents ranked their asthma as mild or severe had significantly lower adjustment scores (F = 3.28; P < .05) than did those children rated by their parents as having moderate asthma. Children's ranks on the composite objective measure of severity were not associated with their adjustment scores, although children with greater use of medication had lower adjustment scores than did children with little or moderate medication use (P < .05). The relationship of severity of illness to psychologic adjustment is complex. Children at all levels of severity may demonstrate problems of adjustment, suggesting that attention to psychologic risk should not be limited only to children with severe asthma.

Correlates of Two Measures of Fear of Success in Women

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 609-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Reviere ◽  
Thomas B. Posey
Keyword(s):  
College Women ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Attitudes Toward Women ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Fear Of Success ◽  
Projective Technique ◽  
Low Correlation ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Projective Measure

Fear of success was measured in 40 college women first with the usual projective technique and second with an objective fear of success scale. The two measures showed a low correlation of .37. The projective measure was not significantly correlated with self-concept, anxiety, the Mf scale of the MMPI, or with attitudes toward women. The objective measure was significantly correlated with anxiety and self-concept.

Resolution assessment from spectral signal-to-noise ratios

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 746-747
Author(s):  
M. Unser ◽  
B.L. Trus ◽  
A.C. Steven
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Biological Macromolecules ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Differential Phase ◽  
Traditional Measure ◽  
Spectral Signal ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Averaging Techniques

Since the resolution-limiting factor in electron microscopy of biological macromolecules is not instrumental, but is rather the preservation of structure, operational definitions of resolution have to be based on the mutual consistency of a set of like images. The traditional measure of resolution for crystalline specimens in terms of the extent of periodic reflections in their diffraction patterns is such a criterion. With the advent of correlation averaging techniques for lattice rectification and the analysis of non-crystalline specimens, a more general - and desirably, closely compatible - resolution criterion is needed. Two measures of resolution for correlation-averaged images have been described, namely the differential phase residual (DPR) and the Fourier ring correlation (FRC). However, the values that they give for resolution often differ substantially. Furthermore, neither method relates in a straightforward way to the long-standing resolution criterion for crystalline specimens.

Visual Evoked-Response Correlates of Speechreading Performance in Normal-Hearing Adults

1983 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent J. Samar ◽  
Donald G. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Evoked Response ◽  
Multiple Correlation ◽  
Potential Significance ◽  
Visual Evoked Response ◽  
Latency Measure ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Visual Evoked

The relationship between the latency of the negative peak occurring at approximately 130 msec in the visual evoked-response (VER) and speechreading scores was investigated. A significant product-moment correlation of -.58 was obtained between the two measures, which confirmed the fundamental effect but was significantly weaker than that previously reported in the literature (-.90). Principal components analysis of the visual evoked-response waveforms revealed a previously undiscovered early VER component, statistically independent of the latency measure, which in combination with two other components predicted speechreading with a multiple correlation coefficient of S4. The potential significance of this new component for the study of individual differences in speechreading ability is discussed.

Reaction Time and Brain Waves in Omitted Stimulus Tasks

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar H. Hernández ◽  
Muriel Vogel-Sprott
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Somatosensory Stimuli

A missing stimulus task requires an immediate response to the omission of a regular recurrent stimulus. The task evokes a subclass of event-related potential known as omitted stimulus potential (OSP), which reflects some cognitive processes such as expectancy. The behavioral response to a missing stimulus is referred to as omitted stimulus reaction time (RT). This total RT measure is known to include cognitive and motor components. The cognitive component (premotor RT) is measured by the time from the missing stimulus until the onset of motor action. The motor RT component is measured by the time from the onset of muscle action until the completion of the response. Previous research showed that RT is faster to auditory than to visual stimuli, and that the premotor of RT to a missing auditory stimulus is correlated with the duration of an OSP. Although this observation suggests that similar cognitive processes might underlie these two measures, no research has tested this possibility. If similar cognitive processes are involved in the premotor RT and OSP duration, these two measures should be correlated in visual and somatosensory modalities, and the premotor RT to missing auditory stimuli should be fastest. This hypothesis was tested in 17 young male volunteers who performed a missing stimulus task, who were presented with trains of auditory, visual, and somatosensory stimuli and the OSP and RT measures were recorded. The results showed that premotor RT and OSP duration were consistently related, and that both measures were shorter with respect to auditory stimuli than to visual or somatosensory stimuli. This provides the first evidence that the premotor RT is related to an attribute of the OSP in all three sensory modalities.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document