Employment Rights and Duties, Statutory Office Holders, and Volunteers

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-80
Author(s):  
Elizabeth George ◽  
Karen Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Occupational Pension ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Pension Schemes ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Employment Rights

This chapter examines Part 5 of the Equality Act 2010, which prohibits discrimination, harassment, and victimization in employment and analogous situations. It contains provisions regarding those who are not strictly employees but who are also protected from discrimination in the course of performing their duties such as police officers, partners, barristers and advocates, and other office holders. Part 5 also contains the Occupational Pension Schemes provisions. Meanwhile, Chapter 3 of Part 5 contains the provisions relating to equal pay, pregnancy and maternity pay, restrictions on pay discussions, and gender pay gap information. The Act consolidates and replaces the previous anti-discrimination legislation which is largely replicated in the Act, with some notable amendments. These amendments are intended to unify the level of protection across all of the protected characteristics and to resolve any anomalies, for example around disability-related discrimination.

5. Equal Pay

2020 ◽  
pp. 163-176
Author(s):  
Astra Emir
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Time Limits ◽  
Sex Equality ◽  
Equal Work ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Material Factor

This chapter considers those provisions of the Equality Act 2010 that deal with equal pay. These include equality of terms and the sex equality clause (s 66); equal work (s 65), ie like work, work rated as equivalent and work of equal value; the defence of material factor (s 69); sex discrimination in relation to contractual pay (s 71); the maternity equality clause (s 73); discussions about pay (s 77); and gender pay gap reporting (s 78). Also covered are rules on jurisdiction (s 127); burden of proof (s 136); time limits (s 129); remedies (s 132); death of a claimant; and backdating awards.

5. Equal Pay

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Astra Emir
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Proof ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Time Limits ◽  
Sex Equality ◽  
Equal Work ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Material Factor

This chapter considers those provisions of the Equality Act 2010 that deal with equal pay. These include equality of terms and the sex equality clause (s 66); equal work (s 65), ie like work, work rated as equivalent and work of equal value; the defence of material factor (s 69); sex discrimination in relation to contractual pay (s 71); the maternity equality clause (s 73); discussions about pay (s 77); and gender pay gap reporting (s 78). Also covered are rules on jurisdiction (s 127); burden of proof (s 136); time limits (s 129); remedies (s 132); death of a claimant; and backdating awards.

Development and Gender-Linked Economic Inequality in the Era of Globalization

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-324
Author(s):  
Moshe Semyonov
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
High Status ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation

This paper focuses on the relations between development and gender disparities in labor market outcomes in the era of globalization. Within a cross-national comparative framework, the article examines the relations between development and globalization and three aspects of gender-linked disparities (women's labor force participation, gender occupational differentiation, and gender pay gap) at two time points: 1990 and 2015. The data reveal patterns in the relationship between development, globalization, and each dimension of gender inequality. First, development but not globalization tends to increase women's labor force participation. Second, development is likely to reduce gender occupational segregation. But the effect is indirect; it is transmitted via the increased number of economically active women. Third, less gender occupational segregation does not necessarily mean greater occupational equality; high female labor force participation is likely to reduce women's likelihood of employment in high-status professional and managerial occupations. Fourth, gender occupational inequality appears to be one of the sources of a country's gender pay gap; the pay disparity between men and women tends to be greater in countries where gender occupational inequality is high. A model that summarizes the complex relations among development, globalization, and the various dimensions of gender-linked economic activity and inequality is proposed and discussed.

EQUAL PAY FOR WORK OF EQUAL VALUE, GENDER PAY GAP AND AUDITS.

2021 ◽  
pp. 125-134
Author(s):  
Rafael García García ◽  
Miriam Judit Gómez Romero
Keyword(s):  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
Pay Gap

14. Equal Pay Law

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Cabrelli
Keyword(s):  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Sex Equality ◽  
Contract Of Employment ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Equal Work ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Material Factor ◽  
The Eu

This chapter examines the principle of equal pay for equal work enshrined in the Equality Act 2010 (EA). It first considers the stubbornness of the gender pay gap in the UK and the EU, as well as the justifications for intervention in the labour market via the auspices of equal pay laws. It goes on to discuss the legal machinery in the EA, which confers an entitlement on employees of one sex to the same remuneration as suitable employee comparators of the opposite sex. The focus then turns to the content of the ‘sex equality clause’—a term imposed into every employee’s contract of employment by virtue of section 66 of the EA. This is followed by a discussion of the material factor defence for employers in section 69 of the EA.

Pay equity and marginalized women

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roopkiran Kohout ◽  
Parbudyal Singh
Keyword(s):  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Pay Equity ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cultural Challenges ◽  
Qualitative Research Study ◽  
Organizational Barriers ◽  
Marginalized Women ◽  
Experiences Of Women

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the experiences of marginalized women in achieving equal pay for work of equal value. The research focuses on Ontario, Canada, as this is a leading jurisdiction globally in implementing legislation on pay equity. It provides an opportunity to understand the lived experiences of women whom scholars have identified as particularly vulnerable in workplaces. Design/methodology/approach This is a qualitative research study. Twenty-three interviews were conducted with women defined as marginalized. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Findings Three themes resulted from the analysis: early employment experiences, cultural challenges at work and inequities in pay. The authors found that not only do structural and organizational barriers limit the ability of marginalized women to achieve parity in the workplace but there also is a hidden social element that requires further investigation. Originality/value The gender pay gap is wider for marginalized women, even after three decades since pay equity legislation was implemented in Ontario. There is a dearth of research on why this is the case. This study adds to the literature by focusing on a broader set of factors, in addition to legislation, that must be considered when focusing on solutions to the gender pay gap.

scholarly journals Pursuing equal pay: The perspectives of female engineers and potential policy interventions

2016 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judy McGregor ◽  
Sharyn Graham Davies ◽  
Lynne S Giddings ◽  
Judith Pringle
Keyword(s):  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Women In Engineering ◽  
New Public ◽  
Family Demands ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost

The gender pay gap of higher paid women working in traditionally male-dominated sectors has received less analysis in equal pay research than low paid, female-dominated and undervalued women’s work. This article explores equal pay from the perspectives of female engineers, well paid women working in a Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) sector in New Zealand, who perform work of the same or like nature to male engineers but who are paid less for doing so. It explores the gender pay gap against the complex intersections of labour market de-regulation, family demands, work and the ‘cost of being female’ that women in engineering must constantly navigate. The research uses quantitative pay data in the sector disaggregated by gender, and new qualitative data from focus groups and interviews with 22 female engineers. It finds a surprising lack of transparency around pay and remuneration in the sector at the individual level which negatively impacts on women. The article concludes by recommending new public policy initiatives for equal pay in sectors like engineering, where individualised negotiation and bargaining is embedded in neo-liberalism.

scholarly journals Can Gender Ideologies Account for Regional Variation of the Gender Pay Gap in Germany?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maik Hamjediers
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Gender Ideologies ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Market Experience ◽  
Level Statistics ◽  
And Gender

Research often invokes gender disparities in wage-determining characteristics to explain gender pay gaps. However, the to extent to which these gender disparities and gender pay gaps vary across contexts has received less attention. Therefore, I analyze how regional gender ideologies predict gender pay gaps in two ways: As directly affecting gender pay gaps and as indirectly predicting gender pay gaps through intermediate gender disparities in wage-determinants. The analyses are based on German survey data (SOEP 2014-2018) supplemented with regional-level statistics. First, I leverage regional differences in predictors of gender ideologies to estimate region-specific gender ideologies. Mapping these gender ideologies across Germany reveals substantial regional variation, which exceeds the known difference between East and Western Germany. Second, multi-level models provide region-specific gender disparities in wage-determinants and gender pay gaps. They show that in regions where traditional gender ideologies are wide-spread, women have less labor market experience and are less likely to work full-time or in supervising positions. Traditional gender ideologies thereby indirectly contribute to a higher gender pay gap by inducing gender disparities in labor market outcomes.Even after accounting for such disparities in wage-determinants, a considerable gender pay gap persists in regions with relatively more traditional gender ideologies. This points to a direct effect of gender ideologies on adjusted gender pay gaps which might base on gender ideologies inducing women’s pay discrimination or gender-divergent wage expectations and negotiations.

scholarly journals Gender Equality in Europe; Developments with reference to Gender Pay Gap and Violence

2021 ◽  
Vol VI (I) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Zaheer Iqbal Cheema ◽  
Ali Nawaz ◽  
Jawwad Riaz
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Gender Parity ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

The European Union has kept the agenda of gender equality at the front line of legislation and policy development. The research examined the policies and the efficacy of the European Union in endorsing gender equality and determines where the Union’s system has proved to be less effective. Despite the efforts by the European Union in addressing gender-related issues, a slow improvement has been indicated in achieving gender parity. Inequality persists in many domains of gender equality, including the gender pay gap and gender-based violence. Our research suggests that adequate attention in terms of relevance, effective implementation and funding must be given to all domains of gender equality.

scholarly journals Women's Approaches to Negotiation: The Role of Negotiation in the Gender Pay Gap

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delaney Arth
Keyword(s):  
Wage Structure ◽  
Workplace Culture ◽  
Gender Pay Gap ◽  
Equal Pay ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Compensation Packages ◽  
Equal Pay Act ◽  
Depth Interviews

The gender pay gap has a long and well-documented history. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 was passed in an attempt to combat this gap in wages between men and women, but as of 2019 women still on average earn less than 80% of what their male counterparts do. Countless factors contribute to this discrepancy, from gender norms to workplace culture to wage structure and so much more. Though there is a significant literature discussing the gender pay gap, the majority of it focuses on external barriers to equality, including but not limited to institutional inequality, social norms, and workplace discrimination. Fewer scholars have addressed the internalized barriers to equality in the workplace that women face—such as how gendered norms and expectations may affect workplace behaviors such as negotiating compensation packages. My project employs qualitative content coding and individual breakdown of semi-structured, in-depth interviews to investigate if, how, and why women’s approaches to negotiation may contribute to pay inequity in professional positions. My findings confirm a discrepancy in rates of negotiation between male and female respondents. They also suggest that divergences in the circumstances surrounding negotiations as well as in approaches to negotiation exist between men and women, and among workers with various levels of seniority. Finally, my findings in combination with existing literature suggest a link between negotiation and the gender pay gap.

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