A Feast of Beltain? ReXections on the Rich Danebury Harvests

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Jones
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Present Author ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Original Argument ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Times ◽  
Interesting Direction

Twenty-five years after embarking on what was to become one of the major Iron Age excavations of the twentieth century, Barry Cunliffe was also reflecting on the endless cycle from Beltain, through Lughnasadh, to Samhain and Imbolc, and back to Beltain (Cunliffe 1995). While the journey to which Cuchulainn aspired was across the bosom of his bride to be, Cunliffe’s journey took him to a deeper understanding of the culmination of European Prehistory. The campaign he so impressively led at Danebury hillfort formed a critical leg of that journey; it remains a keystone to everyone’s understanding of Iron Age society. He was not alone among his research group in reflecting upon that annual cycle of seasons and feasts, which is preserved in various subsequent Celtic and Gaelic accounts; the principal archaeobotanist and archaeozoologist on the Danebury Environs Project incorporated them into their resumé of seasonal economic activities (Campbell and Hamilton 2000). Cunliffe had previously inferred, on the basis of an analysis he conducted with Poole (1995) of different patterns of erosion and infilling in the thousands of pits within the hillfort of Danebury, that Beltain and Samhain were the times of their ritual opening and infilling. These same pits provided the present author with one of the richest archaeobotanical data-sets I have had the opportunity to examine, and formed a cornerstone of my arguments about Iron Age agricultural production (Jones 1981, 1984a and b, 1985, 1991, 1995, 1996). The discussion and critique those analyses have generated are at least as valuable as the original publications themselves, and the most recent of them draws the debate in an interesting direction. In a meticulous and critical study, Van der Veen and Jones (2006) question a number of aspects of my original argument, and shift the emphasis from my own, which was upon relations of production, to a new emphasis upon relations of consumption. Whereas I had connected the plant remains within the pits to the toil of farmers, they speculated upon the celebrations of the feast.

Some recent Discoveries of Millet (Panicum MiliaceumL. andSetaria italica(L.) P. Beauv.) at Excavations in Turkey and Iran

1988 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 85-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Nesbitt ◽  
G. D. Summers
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Near East ◽  
Foxtail Millet ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Grass Family ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Full Discussion ◽  
Northwestern Iran ◽  
The Rich

Although a relatively unimportant crop in the Near East, millet has an especially interesting history that may throw some light on the cultural relationships of the Middle–Late Bronze Ages and the Iron Age. Thus the prompt, separate, publication of a large deposit of foxtail millet (Setaria italica(L.) P. Beauv.), recently identified from an Iron Age level at Tille Höyük, seems justified. This is the first find of the cereal in such large quantities—definitely as a crop—from the Near East or Greece. The rest of the plant remains from this level will be published in conjunction with the rich samples that are expected to be found in the massive Late Bronze Age burnt level at Tille. The opportunity is also taken in this paper to present other previously unpublished millet samples, from second millennium B.C. levels at Haftavan Tepe, northwestern Iran, and from Hellenistic, Roman and Medieval levels at Aşvan Kale, eastern Turkey.A full discussion of these criteria will be included in the first author's forthcoming publication of the Aşvan plant remains. Knörzer (1971) has published a useful key to millet seeds. Three genera of millets (all belonging to the tribePaniceaeof the grass family) have grains of the relatively wide, large embryoed type discussed here.

Profaning the Sacred: The Unorthodox Financial Activities of Catholic Clerics During the Napoleonic Period, 1796–1814

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-542
Author(s):  
Christopher Korten
Keyword(s):  
Precious Metals ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Sacred And Profane ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Times ◽  
First Time ◽  
Insight Into

This article reveals for the first time how Catholic clerics survived financially during the Napoleonic period in Italy (1796–1814). Despite the very rich, 200-year historiography on one of the Church's most critical periods, there is almost nothing on how religious clerics coped at this time. Their institutions had been despoiled by the French, often in collaboration with locals, negating traditional forms of clerical income, such as alms or rental income from non-ecclesiastical properties. This caused clerics to search out unorthodox – at times, non-canonical – ways of eking out a living, either for themselves, their religious communities or both, as such distinctions were often blurred. Masses were monetized and traded; ecclesiastical paraphernalia composed of precious metals were smelted and commodified, and relics were sold for profit. The uncovering of these controversial acts by men who in normal times were upstanding reveals the desperation of the times and provides insight into the rich discussion on determining the degrees of separation (and overlap) between the sacred and profane.

A comparative Study of Chinese Traditional Folk Paper-cut Art Desigh and Modern Graphic Design Based on Visual Communication

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1028-1035
Author(s):  
Jiaxia Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Graphic Design ◽  
Visual Communication ◽  
Folk Art ◽  
Visual Communication Design ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
Chinese Nation ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
National Style

Paper-cut, as a traditional folk art, has become a treasure of Chinese folk art in its long history of development. Paper-cut gives people artistic enjoyment visually with its unique creative techniques, full composition and vivid and interesting patterns. Methods: Traditional folk paper-cut art records the folk customs of the Chinese nation and embodies the temperament and national style of the Chinese nation. Its unique way of thinking and expression provide unique creative ideas and rich visual art resources for modern graphic design. Chinese folk paper-cut is an organic combination of decoration and practicality. Results: It can not only show the rich and colorful folk life, but also meet the aesthetic needs of a variety of situations. How to combine rich traditional culture and art with graphic design concepts and the spirit of the times to design works with national style, so as to better integrate folk paper-cut art with graphic design, is the pursuit of graphic designers. Conclusion: Based on visual communication design, this paper discusses the comparison and integration between traditional Chinese folk paper-cut art design and modern graphic design.

scholarly journals Fishery in the Tobol-Ishim interfluve in the neolithic and early metal age

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 182-192
Author(s):  
Viktor Alekseevich Zakh
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Deep Foundation ◽  
Metal Age ◽  
North Western

Landscapes of the Tobol-Ishim interfluve were not stable in the Holocene and varied from forests and drowned floodplains at the beginning of the V and III millennia BC to steppificated territories with a lowered water level at the beginning of the Atlantic Period and in the middle of the Subboreal Period, which determined the main types of economic activities, one of them was fishing. Changes in hydrological regime of water bodies influenced the methods of fishing, including the use of different traps. Thus, in the Neolithic, when the water level decreased, the location of settlements in the system river-creek-lake (for example, Mergen 6), a large number of fish bones, bone harpoons, fishing spears, fishing tackles for catching pike and a total absence of plummets were indicative of individual fishing for large fish and, perhaps, of stop net fishery, which was facilitated by a decrease in the width of watercourses and tombolos. Stop net (stake net) fishery led to a settled lifestyle of the population, collective activities and the emergence of long-term settlements with deep foundation pits of dwellings. When the water level in rivers and lakes increased and floods became more frequent, the life support system changed, the population began to develop coasts more widely, its mobility increased, and they started to build framed above-ground dwellings. Following those changes, biconic, cigar-shaped, and corniculate plummets emerged in the Tobol River Basin and on the adjacent western and north-western territories in the III and early II millennium BC. When the water level was high, it was efficient to fish using traps, seines and, probably, nets, although the latter could also be used in drive hunting for shedding geese and ducks. Subrectangular plummets with one or two ties for fastening, and disk-shaped plummets with a tie in the center had been prevailing since the beginning of the II millennium BC; they existed until the first third of the I millennium BC. This period, the transition time from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age, is characterized by the absence of clay plummets, while there are large accumulations of fish scales and bones in the settlement layers. We can suppose that the population of that time (local Late Bronze Age population, mixed with northern migrants who made utensils with cross ornamentation) switched from net fishing to stop net fishing.

Journal of Greek Archaeology Volume 6: Editorial

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. v-v
Author(s):  
John Bintliff
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Regional Economics ◽  
Greek Archaeology ◽  
Contemporary Politics ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Landscape Survey ◽  
Rich Data

Our latest volume maintains our goal to cover the broad chronological spread of Greek Archaeology, ranging from a new review of the Mesolithic occupation at Theopetra, one of the most important hunter-gatherer sites in Greece, to a detailed analysis of how the distribution of Middle Byzantine churches in the Peloponnese enlightens us into the evolution of human settlement and land use. Prehistory is richly represented in further articles, as we learn about Middle Bronze Age society on Lefkas, the dispute over exotic primates portrayed on the frescoes of Santorini, a new Minoan-style peak sanctuary on Naxos, and Post-Palatial settlement structure on Crete. Bridging prehistory to historical times, a detailed study rethinks the burial and settlement evidence for Early Iron Age Athens, then entering the Archaic period, an original article links textual analysis and material culture to investigate dedicatory behaviour in Ionian sanctuaries. As a special treat, that doyen of Greek plastic arts Andrew Stewart, asks us to look again at the evidence for the birth of the Classical Style in Greek sculpture. Greek theatres in Sicily are next contextualised into contemporary politics, while the sacred Classical landscape of the island of Salamis is explored with innovative GIS-techniques. For the seven-hundred years or so of Roman rule we are given an indepth presentation of regional economics from Central Greece, and a thorough review of harbours and maritime navigation for Late Roman Crete. Finally we must mention a methodological article, deploying the rich data from the Nemea landscape survey, to tackle issues of changing land use and the sometimes controversial topic of ancient manuring.

Data Mining for Fraud Detection System

2011 ◽  
pp. 411-416
Author(s):  
Roberto Marmo
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Credit Card ◽  
User Behavior ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Fraud Detection ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Huge Data

As a conseguence of expansion of modern technology, the number and scenario of fraud are increasing dramatically. Therefore, the reputation blemish and losses caused are primary motivations for technologies and methodologies for fraud detection that have been applied successfully in some economic activities. The detection involves monitoring the behavior of users based on huge data sets such as the logged data and user behavior. The aim of this contribution is to show some data mining techniques for fraud detection and prevention with applications in credit card and telecommunications, within a business of mining the data to achieve higher cost savings, and also in the interests of determining potential legal evidence. The problem is very difficult because fraudsters takes many different forms and are adaptive, so they will usually look for ways to avoid every security measures.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Jennifer H. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Political Symbolism ◽  
French Culture ◽  
Potential Failure ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Previous Scholarship ◽  
Literary Reception

In the early 1520s, a ship of remarkable proportion was built in Le Havre, commissioned by François I in response, in part, to the size, success, and renown of Henry VIII’s Mary Rose. The story of the Grande Françoise, reported locally as the largest vessel ever witnessed, demonstrates the rich cultural and political symbolism (intentional or otherwise) of the ship in the sixteenth century, and the significance of its potential failure, destruction, and recuperation. This Introduction moves from the example of the Grande Françoise, including its swiftly traceable literary reception, to survey the classical, biblical, and medieval traditions that inform the writing of shipwreck in the sixteenth century, before turning to previous critical study of shipwreck, with particular focus on Hans Blumenberg’s essay Shipwreck with Spectator. The Direful Spectacle is in some senses a response to Blumenberg, offering a ‘close-up’ on French culture of the sixteenth century, and a challenge to his separation of the aesthetic from the moral or ethical in shipwreck texts. Situating this new study in relation to previous scholarship, the Introduction then proceeds to set out its distinctive themes and arguments, before concluding with an outline of the structure and summaries of the contents and argument of each chapter.

scholarly journals Dating the Iron Age I/II Transition in Israel: First Intercomparison Results

Radiocarbon ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Boaretto ◽  
A J Timothy Jull ◽  
Ayelet Gilboa ◽  
Ilan Sharon
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Dating Methods ◽  
Measuring Techniques ◽  
Iron Age I ◽  
Radiocarbon Data ◽  
The Mediterranean

Nearly a decade ago, a different chronology than the conventional absolute chronology for the early Iron Age in Israel was suggested. The new, lower chronology “transfers” Iron Age I and Iron Age IIA contexts in Israel, traditionally dated to the 11th and 10th centuries BCE, to the 10th and 9th centuries, respectively. Thus, it places the Iron I|IIA transition at about 920–900 BCE. This alternative chronology carries important implications for Israelite history, historiography, and Bible research, as well as for the chronologies of other regions around the Mediterranean. Relevant radiocarbon data sets published to date, which were measured at different sites by different laboratories, were claimed to be incompatible. Therefore, the question of agreement between laboratories and dating methods needs to be addressed at the outset of any study attempting to resolve such a tight chronological dilemma. This paper addresses results pertaining to this issue as part of a comprehensive attempt to date the early Iron Age in Israel based on many sites, employing different measuring techniques in 2 laboratories. The intercomparison results demonstrate that: a) the agreement between the 2 laboratories is well within the standard in the 14C community and that no bias can be detected in either laboratory; and b) calculating the Iron I|IIa transition in 3 different ways (twice independently by the measurements obtained at the 2 labs and then by combining the dates of both) indicates that the lower chronology is the preferable one.

Maya Diets of the Rich and Poor: Paleoethnobotanical Evidence from Copan

1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Lentz
Keyword(s):  
Time Span ◽  
Classic Maya ◽  
High Status ◽  
Late Classic ◽  
Edible Plant ◽  
Social Unrest ◽  
Plant Remains ◽  
Lower Status ◽  
Plant Species Distributions ◽  
The Rich

Analysis of plant remains recovered from excavations at Copán in western Honduras has provided substantive data regarding agroeconomic systems of the prehistoric inhabitants. The time span of the deposits ranges from the Gordon/Uir phase (900-400 B. C.), which may have been non-Maya, to the Coner phase (A. D. 700-900+), which encompasses the collapse of the Classic Maya cultural manifestation in the valley. Several traditionally recognized mesoamerican cultigens were identified including corn, beans, and several species of Cucurbitaceae. In addition, remains of a number of economic tree species were discovered, suggesting a reliance on arboriculture as part of the subsistence strategy. Pine charcoal predominated in all deposits and may have been the preferred wood for fuel and construction. Analysis of edible-plant-species distributions from low- and high-status Late Classic dwellings using the Shannon-Weaver index revealed that elite individuals had a higher diversity of available foods, a situation that may have led to nutritional stress among lower-status individuals and, ultimately, social unrest.

scholarly journals A joint ALMA–Bolocam–Planck SZ study of the pressure distribution in RX J1347.5−1145

2019 ◽  
Vol 487 (3) ◽  
pp. 4037-4056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Di Mascolo ◽  
Eugene Churazov ◽  
Tony Mroczkowski
Keyword(s):  
Strong Shock ◽  
Galaxy Cluster ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cluster Galaxies ◽  
Fitting Procedure ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Rich Data

ABSTRACT We report the joint analysis of single-dish and interferometric observations of the Sunyaev–Zeldovich (SZ) effect from the galaxy cluster RX J1347.5−1145. We have developed a parametric fitting procedure that uses native imaging and visibility data, and tested it using the rich data sets from ALMA, Bolocam, and Planck available for this object. RX J1347.5−1145 is a very hot and luminous cluster showing signatures of a merger. Previous X-ray-motivated SZ studies have highlighted the presence of an excess SZ signal south-east of the X-ray peak, which was generally interpreted as a strong shock-induced pressure perturbation. Our model, when centred at the X-ray peak, confirms this. However, the presence of two almost equally bright giant elliptical galaxies separated by ∼100 kpc makes the choice of the cluster centre ambiguous, and allows for considerable freedom in modelling the structure of the galaxy cluster. For instance, we have shown that the SZ signal can be well described by a single smooth ellipsoidal generalized Navarro–Frenk–White profile, where the best-fitting centroid is located between the two brightest cluster galaxies. This leads to a considerably weaker excess SZ signal from the south-eastern substructure. Further, the most prominent features seen in the X-ray can be explained as predominantly isobaric structures, alleviating the need for highly supersonic velocities, although overpressurized regions associated with the moving subhaloes are still present in our model.

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