ʿAbdul Majid Daryabadi
Chapter 8 looks at Abdul Majid Daryabadi, who first translated Western emotion knowledge into Urdu, as brought forth by the new discipline of psychology. The psychology of emotions in the writings of Daryabadi was divided not only from religion, but from any considerations of morality. On the one hand, this is due to his downplaying of the role of the will, which was no longer an autonomous force guided by rationality as in the Aristotelian tradition, but only one power among many, and not one of the strongest—the will could neither reach the subconscious nor fight the forces of heredity. On the other hand, emotions no longer needed a moral education, which transformed them from a brute fact of nature into a polished work of art fit for civilized society. Nature could not and should not be tamed by morality, but on the contrary indicated the path the race had to travel to secure its survival and its position of dominance.