Abdomen System

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gautam Mehta ◽  
Bilal Iqbal
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
Vascular Lesions ◽  
Skin Fold Thickness ◽  
System P ◽  
Skin Fold ◽  
Normal Individuals ◽  
Palmar Erythema ◽  
Triceps Skin Fold ◽  
Specific Finding ◽  
Fat Stores

1. Jaundice is a marker of severity of liver disease, as well as a consequence of decompensation. Yellow discolouration is not usually seen until the serum bilirubin is >40μmol/L (twice the upper limit of normal), although the earliest signs of jaundice can be detected in the periphery of the conjunctivae, or in the buccal mucosa. Remember, there are other causes of jaundice in liver disease, such as Zieve’s syndrome (haemolysis and hyperlipidaemia in alcohol misuse), or biliary obstruction. 2. Cachexia can be established by demonstrating muscle and fat loss. Wasting of the temporalis muscle is an early sign of generalized muscle atrophy. A reduced triceps skin-fold thickness is a marker of loss of fat stores. This can be demonstrated by palpating for redundant skin over the triceps area between your thumb and forefingers. 3. Anaemia is most reliably demonstrated by looking for conjunctival pallor. This is thought to be more sensitive than looking for pallor of skin creases, nails, or other mucosal membranes. If there is no evidence of anaemia, it is an important negative to mention to the examiner. The principal causes of anaemia in chronic liver disease are blood loss from portal hypertensive gastropathy, alcohol excess causing bone marrow suppression and poor nutrition. 4. Other gastrointestinal (GI) causes of clubbing include inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), coeliac disease, GI lymphoma and rare causes of malabsorption such as tropical sprue and Whipple’s disease. 5. Leuconychia is a non-specific finding which is associated with hypoalbuminaemia as well as other conditions such as heart failure, renal disease, Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) and diabetes mellitus (see Case 8—Nephrotic Syndrome). 6. Palmar erythema reflects the vasodilated state of cirrhosis. Other causes of palmar erythema include hypercapnoea, rheumatoid arthritis, thyrotoxicosis, pregnancy, fever, and exercise. 7. Spider naevi are vascular lesions, with a central arteriole that supplies smaller surrounding vessels. Generally, the number and size correlate with the severity of liver disease, although they may occur in normal individuals and pregnancy. Spider naevi, palmar erythema, gynaecomastia, and loss of body hair are thought to be the consequence of altered sex hormone metabolism, and an increase in the oestradiol:free testosterone ratio.

scholarly journals Nutritional status of Yemeni schoolchildren in Al-Mahweet Governorate

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 204-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. A. Raja'a ◽  
S. M. Sulaiman ◽  
J. S. Mubarak
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
Skin Fold Thickness ◽  
Skin Fold ◽  
Fat Stores ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Average Skin ◽  
Height For Age ◽  
Weight For Age

The nutritional status of 948 children selected randomly from Al-Mahweet Governorate schools was investigated. Age range was 5-18 years with a mean of 10.6 +/- 2.8 years. Among the children, 3.4% had depleted iron and 43.4% had below average skin-fold thickness. Approximately half of the children were either stunted or chronically underweight and 1 child in 20 was underfed. Depleted fat stores affected two-fifths of the children and approximately one-fifth were anaemic. Urban residents scored significantly higher on nutritional parameters than rural children. Serum ferritin levels were significantly greater among males than females whereas mean height-for-age, weight-for-age and skin-fold thickness were lower.

scholarly journals The Impacts of Body Mass Index on Gestational Diabetes Pima Indian Heritage Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Skin Fold Thickness ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Skin Fold ◽  
Triceps Skin Fold ◽  
Normal Mean ◽  
Normal Women

Body mass index (BMI) acts as a casual factor for developing many diseases such as cardiovascular, breast cancer, heart, diabetes etc. The article presents the impacts of BMI on gestational diabetes Pima Indian heritage women with at least 21 years old. It is established here that mean BMI is larger for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) women (P=0.0007) than normal. Mean BMI is directly linked with triceps skin fold thickness (TSFT) (P<0.0001), and it is not related with age (P=0.5185), while it is inversely linked with their joint interaction effect TSFT*Age (P=0.0023). In addition, mean BMI is partially inversely linked with insulin (P=0.1813), and it is partially directly linked with diabetes pedigree function (PDF) (P=0.1601). Variance of BMI is larger for normal women (P<0.0001) than GDM women. It is inversely linked with glucose (P<0.0001), and it is not associated with the number of pregnancies (NOP) (P=0.5494), while it is directly linked with their joint interaction effect Glucose*NOP (P=0.0434). Mean and variance of BMI show many complex impacts on GDM women. Gestational women must care on BMI along with TSFT and glucose levels.

Assessment of overweight and obesity among Nigerian children and adolescents using triceps skin-fold thickness and body mass index

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
A. N. Izuora ◽  
B. A. Animasahun ◽  
U. Nwodo ◽  
N. M. Ibeabuchi ◽  
O. F. Njokanma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Skin Fold Thickness ◽  
Nigerian Children ◽  
Skin Fold ◽  
Triceps Skin Fold ◽  
Triceps Skin Fold Thickness

scholarly journals Body fat indices for identifying risk of hypertension in Indian children

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 2116
Author(s):  
Vairamuthu G. S. ◽  
Thangavel A.
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Height Ratio ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Skin Fold Thickness ◽  
Skin Fold ◽  
Triceps Skin Fold ◽  
Waist To Height Ratio ◽  
Triceps Skin Fold Thickness

Background: Studies in India shown high body fat indices were strongly associated with hypertension in Indian children, but such studies mostly not done in southern states of India. So, authors include children in Tamilnadu measure body fat indices and blood pressure to find which body fat index correlates closely with hypertension.Methods: Standing height was measured using stadiometer. Weight was measured using electronic scale. WC measured in standing position, by a stretch resistant.  WC above 90th centile will be considered as Adipose. Waist to height ratio optimal cut-off value is 0.44 for children. TSFT recorded using Harpenden caliper, on the non-dominant upper arm. Wrist circumference measured using stretch resistant tape.Results: In this study 2000 children were participated. More hypertensives are seen in 10 to 12 years(62) and 16 to 18 years(31).Increased weight correlated with hypertension. Study indicates waist circumference is significantly correlated with systolic BP p<0.003, diastolic BP p<0.000. This study shows significant correlation p<0.003 for systolic and p<0.000 for diastolic BP with triceps skin fold thickness estimation. In multivariate analysis with systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure shows very strong correlation with waist circumference, waist to height ratio and triceps skin fold thickness.Conclusions: In this study we investigate the correlation between body fat indices and blood pressure correlation was statistically analyzed which shows that waist circumference, waist to height ratio and triceps skin fold thickness were strongly correlated with systolic and diastolic BP.

Role of Anthropometric Nutritional Assessment in Severe Head Injury

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (01) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Manju Dhandapani ◽  
Sivashanmugam Dhandapani ◽  
Meena Agarwal ◽  
Alka Chutani ◽  
Bhawani S. Sharma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Severe Head Injury ◽  
Nutritional Assessment ◽  
Unfavorable Outcome ◽  
Skin Fold Thickness ◽  
Skin Fold ◽  
Arm Circumference ◽  
Triceps Skin Fold ◽  
Systemic Disorder ◽  
Independent Association

Abstract Aim Nutritional demand after traumatic brain injury is increased due to hypermetabolic response. The present study was undertaken to assess nutritional status with anthropometric indices, factors associated, and their prognostic role following severe head injury (SHI). Method A total of 114 patients in age group 20 to 60 years, admitted within 24 hours of SHI, with Glasgow Coma Scale of 4 to 8, and with no serious systemic disorder were enrolled for the study. Of these, 67 were prospectively assessed weekly till 21 days for changes in mid arm circumference (MAC), mid arm muscle circumference (MAMC), and triceps skin fold thickness (TSF). They were studied in relation to other factors and outcome was assessed at 3 months. Results The percentage fall at 3 weeks for MAC, MAMC, and TSF were 14, 10, and 37%, respectively. The percentage of fall in MAMC was the earliest, and was significantly greater in patients with surgical intervention, tracheostomy, prolonged fever, delayed enteral feeding, and greater caloric deficit. Admission MAMC < 90% of standard was significantly associated with unfavorable outcome (odds ratio 5.9 [95% confidence interval 1.3–27.8], p = 0.01). Unfavorable outcome was significantly more frequent in patients who had at least 15% fall in MAC (85.7 vs. 41.9%, p = 0.03), or 10% fall in MAMC (68.8 vs. 38.2%, p = 0.04) at 2 weeks, compared with others. Fall in TSF had no significant association with outcome at 3 months. In multivariate analysis, MAMC fall had significant independent association with unfavorable outcome. Conclusion Bedside anthropometry (especially MAMC) is efficient in identifying patients with nutrition depletion with significant influence on outcome at 3 months.

scholarly journals Body composition of preschool children and relation to birth weight

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thais Costa Machado ◽  
Viviane G. Nascimento ◽  
Janaína P. C. da Silva ◽  
Ciro João Bertoli ◽  
Claudio Leone
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Excess Weight ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Skin Fold Thickness ◽  
Skin Fold ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
Triceps Skin Fold

Objective: to evaluate the relationship between body composition of preschool children suffering from excess weight and birth weight (BW). Methods: probabilistic sample, by conglomerates, with 17 daycare centers (of a total of 59) composing a final sample of 479 children. We used Z-score of Body Mass Index (zBMI) ≥ +1 and ≥ +2, respectively, to identify preschool children with risk of overweight and excess weight (overweight or obesity). The arm muscle area (AMA) and the arm fat area (AFA) were estimated from measurements of arm circumference, triceps skin fold thickness. Results: the prevalence of risk of overweight was 22.9% (n=110) and excess weight was 9.3% (n=44). The risk of overweight and excess weight in children did not show correlation between BW and AFA, but it did with adjusted arm muscle area (AMAa) (rp= 0.21; p= 0.0107). The analysis of the group with excess weight alone also showed a positive correlation between BW and AMAa (rp= 0.42; p= 0.0047). Conclusion: among overweight children, lower BW is associated with a lower arm muscle area in early preschool age, regardless of the fat arm area presented by them.

Are Changes in Distance-Run Performance of Australian Children between 1985 and 1997 Explained by Changes in Fatness?

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Olds ◽  
Jim Dollman
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Body Fatness ◽  
Skin Fold Thickness ◽  
Performance Differences ◽  
Skin Fold ◽  
Triceps Skin Fold ◽  
Run Test ◽  
Triceps Skin Fold Thickness

The aim of this study was to determine whether changes in fitness performance could be explained by changes in body fatness. Two hundred seventy-nine 10- to 12-year-old children were tested in 1985 as part of a national survey. They were matched for age, sex, body-mass index, and triceps skin-fold thickness with 279 children from a 1997 survey. Average speeds on the 1.6 km walk/run test were compared. Children from the 1997 survey performed significantly worse than their matched peers from the 1985 survey. The decline in performance was evident for boys, girls, and all children. Matching for fatness reduced performance differences by about 61% in boys, and 37% in girls. Declines in fitness performance in this population have not been entirely due to increases in fatness.

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