Formal and Informal Structure of Organization

Author(s):  
Phanish Puranam

In this chapter, my aim is describe the links between the formal and informal structure of organizations, and propose a systematic approach to analyzing these links. I first discuss how the two are related and influence each other. Next, revisiting the theme of organizations as “marvels but not miracles” I argue that formal design can be useful even when it not predicated on high levels of comprehension or intelligence. This is because it can compensate for aspects of the informal organization, as well as shape the emergence of the informal organization. I discuss an instance of a micro-structural approach to such issues in some detail, and conclude by offering a multiplex network formulation that can help us make progress in studying the complex interactions between formal and informal organizational structures.

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (39) ◽  
pp. e2107953118
Author(s):  
Debanjan Barua ◽  
Martina Nagel ◽  
Rudolf Winklbauer

Molecular and structural facets of cell–cell adhesion have been extensively studied in monolayered epithelia. Here, we perform a comprehensive analysis of cell–cell contacts in a series of multilayered tissues in the Xenopus gastrula model. We show that intercellular contact distances range from 10 to 1,000 nm. The contact width frequencies define tissue-specific contact spectra, and knockdown of adhesion factors modifies these spectra. This allows us to reconstruct the emergence of contact types from complex interactions of the factors. We find that the membrane proteoglycan Syndecan-4 plays a dominant role in all contacts, including narrow C-cadherin–mediated junctions. Glypican-4, hyaluronic acid, paraxial protocadherin, and fibronectin also control contact widths, and unexpectedly, C-cadherin functions in wide contacts. Using lanthanum staining, we identified three morphologically distinct forms of glycocalyx in contacts of the Xenopus gastrula, which are linked to the adhesion factors examined and mediate cell–cell attachment. Our study delineates a systematic approach to examine the varied contributions of adhesion factors individually or in combinations to nondiscrete and seemingly amorphous intercellular contacts.


Author(s):  
O. Krainyk

Problem setting. The effectiveness of local government reform in the decentralization process largely depends on the quality of territorial community management. Territorial formations differ from each other in a number of factors. This requires taking into account these peculiarities and adherence to certain principles when forming the organizational structure of management.Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. An important and new approach in the formation of organizational structures of territorial community management is the use of a set of factors that reflect the characteristics of a particular community, studying the relationship between spending costs on management and the effectiveness of managerial decisions, defining approaches to management in a particular area. Of particular importance in this context is to specify the factors influencing the formation of organizational structures of territorial community management, determining the principles and criteria of management effectiveness, which should be considered when choosing an organizational structure of territorial community management. Paper main body. Decentralization of management involves the provision of quality services to the population of territorial communities. One of the most important tasks in this context is the ability to form effective local governments - to elect the head of the community and the local council, but also to effectively influence them, participate in the process of making complex decisions and feel responsible for the results of joint work.It is advisable to use a systematic approach in the formation of organizational structures for the management of the territorial community. The use of a systematic approach ensures that the specific peculiarities of the territorial community, the needs of management in a particular area and the real ability of managers and professionals to solve problems and make managerial decisions. In particular, it should be borne in mind that the choice of governance structure largely depends on the financial capabilities of the individual territorial community. The analysis of the results of the first half of 2020 showed that the costs of maintaining the administration are very different in different local communities. Based on the results of the analysis, the structure and functions of management are reviewed and, if necessary, a complete restructuring of managerial activities in the local community is carried out. It is important in the process of forming organizational structures of territorial community management to adhere to the proposed principles. In addition, public participation in local government is an important component of the success of local self-government.Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies. Thus, when forming the organizational structure and the structure of the local council staff and its executive bodies, the foundations are laid for the possibility of future development of the territory. The formation of an effective organizational structure of management is able to ensure the improvement of the well-being and quality of life of the inhabitants of the territorial community. Further research will focus on finding approaches to improving the management of the local community, analysis of the impact of expenditures on management and the effectiveness of managerial decisions.


Author(s):  
Kaiyan Peng ◽  
Zheng Lu ◽  
Vanessa Lin ◽  
Michael R. Lindstrom ◽  
Christian Parkinson ◽  
...  

During the COVID-19 pandemic, conflicting opinions on physical distancing swept across social media, affecting both human behavior and the spread of COVID-19. Inspired by such phenomena, we construct a two-layer multiplex network for the coupled spread of a disease and conflicting opinions. We model each process as a contagion. On one layer, we consider the concurrent evolution of two opinions — pro-physical-distancing and anti-physical-distancing — that compete with each other and have mutual immunity to each other. The disease evolves on the other layer, and individuals are less likely (respectively, more likely) to become infected when they adopt the pro-physical-distancing (respectively, anti-physical-distancing) opinion. We develop approximations of mean-field type by generalizing monolayer pair approximations to multilayer networks; these approximations agree well with Monte Carlo simulations for a broad range of parameters and several network structures. Through numerical simulations, we illustrate the influence of opinion dynamics on the spread of the disease from complex interactions both between the two conflicting opinions and between the opinions and the disease. We find that lengthening the duration that individuals hold an opinion may help suppress disease transmission, and we demonstrate that increasing the cross-layer correlations or intra-layer correlations of node degrees may lead to fewer individuals becoming infected with the disease.


Author(s):  
M.A. Kovalev ◽  
◽  
A.N. Koptev ◽  
S.Zh. Kurtayev ◽  
◽  
...  

The article considers a systematic approach to modeling the composition and relationship of elements of the structure of the service production complex and their interaction, due to the unity of goals and functions performed by them. When solving these problems, the main problem is choosing the best solution. The article implements a method based on constructing sufficiently adequate mathematical models of real objects and their functioning processes and comparing the results of research of these models.


Author(s):  
Valentina Gerasimenko

This article presents the development of theoretical and methodological provisions for building the logistics structure of the organization. The practical significance of the scientific results of this study is that their use allows to optimize the logistics activities of the organization by creating the position of logistics manager, whose function is to optimize the movement of the entire supply chain. This study emphasizes that the logistics structure of the enterprise allows to provide the most correct combination in space of all links of the logistics chain and at the same time serves as a basis for the organization of material flow over time. The key principles that must be followed when building a logistics structure in the organization are proposed. The list of basic management methods used in logistics structures is systematized. This article highlights the general features of work in the field of logistics in the organization, which is coordinated with the work in the field of procurement and sale of products. The specific features of procurement logistics and sales logistics are considered in detail. The article analyzes the features of building a logistics structure in organizational terms and in terms of managing the movement of goods. A list of factors that should be taken into account in the process of creating an organizational structure based on the principles of a systematic approach to resource management. The article considers and substantiates the need and purpose of the introduction of a logistics specialist in the organizational management structure of the company. The basic requirements which should be observed in the course of construction of logistic organizational structures are systematized. An example of a short business plan for the organization of logistics in the company has been developed. To assess the effectiveness of the implementation of the position of logistics manager in the budget period in this study, it is recommended to use the coefficient of logistics efficiency. In this case, the key function of the logistics manager is proposed to be the management of material flow, starting from the creation of the necessary contractual relationship with the stakeholder and ending with the delivery to the final consumer of finished products.


Author(s):  
N.M. Sarbaeva ◽  
M.O. Omurbekova ◽  
U.K. Jeenbaev

This article is devoted to one of the most important problems of the XXI century - energy efficiency and energy saving of residential buildings. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the fact that energy saving and energy efficiency of buildings are important areas of the national economy. The paper considers the main problems of increasing the energy efficiency of construction and existing residential buildings in the republic. Opportunities for overcoming barriers aimed at improving energy-saving activities in the construction and operation of residential buildings are covered. The main ways of an organizational nature to improve the energy efficiency of residential buildings through consistent energy studies and the implementation of effective energy saving measures are noted. Conclusions are formulated for the development of an integrated and systematic approach of measures in order to strengthen the organizational structures of energy efficiency management in residential buildings.


Author(s):  
Jean Fincher

An important trend in the food industry today is reduction in the amount of fat in manufactured foods. Often fat reduction is accomplished by replacing part of the natural fat with carbohydrates which serve to bind water and increase viscosity. It is in understanding the roles of these two major components of food, fats and carbohydrates, that freeze-fracture is so important. It is well known that conventional fixation procedures are inadequate for many food products, in particular, foods with carbohydrates as a predominant structural feature. For some food science applications the advantages of freeze-fracture preparation procedures include not only the avoidance of chemical fixatives, but also the opportunity to control the temperature of the sample just prior to rapid freezing.In conventional foods freeze-fracture has been used most successfully in analysis of milk and milk products. Milk gels depend on interactions between lipid droplets and proteins. Whipped emulsions, either whipped cream or ice cream, involve complex interactions between lipid, protein, air cell surfaces, and added emulsifiers.


2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Heggie ◽  
Lesly Wade-Woolley

Students with persistent reading difficulties are often especially challenged by multisyllabic words; they tend to have neither a systematic approach for reading these words nor the confidence to persevere (Archer, Gleason, & Vachon, 2003; Carlisle & Katz, 2006; Moats, 1998). This challenge is magnified by the fact that the vast majority of English words are multisyllabic and constitute an increasingly large proportion of the words in elementary school texts beginning as early as grade 3 (Hiebert, Martin, & Menon, 2005; Kerns et al., 2016). Multisyllabic words are more difficult to read simply because they are long, posing challenges for working memory capacity. In addition, syllable boundaries, word stress, vowel pronunciation ambiguities, less predictable grapheme-phoneme correspondences, and morphological complexity all contribute to long words' difficulty. Research suggests that explicit instruction in both syllabification and morphological knowledge improve poor readers' multisyllabic word reading accuracy; several examples of instructional programs involving one or both of these elements are provided.


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