History of Gender Identity and Mental Health

2020 ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Lore M. Dickey
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender

In the past fifty years, gender identity has been closely linked to mental health. This is due, in part, to the classification of gender identity disorder and gender dysphoria being listed as mental health disorders in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. This chapter focuses on the history of the intersection of gender identity and mental health. The author explores first the history addressing the intersection of gender identity and mental health and then evidence-based research exploring this intersection. This includes the ways that mental health has and continues to impact transgender people. The author examines co-occurring mental health concerns such as depression, anxiety, substance abuse, and bipolar disorder as well as the ways that race and ethnicity complicate these disparities. Finally, the author addresses the future directions in the areas of research, clinical practice, and training.

Current diagnostic criteria

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Augusto Rohde ◽  
Christian Kieling ◽  
Giovanni Abrahão Salum
Keyword(s):  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Research Domain Criteria ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Adhd Diagnosis ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Domain ◽  
Clinical Category

In this chapter we describe the history of ADHD diagnosis and how it is currently conceptualized in two main classificatory manuals: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for the Mental Disorders (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). We also outline differences between DSM and ICD manuals and review discussions in the realm of the 11th edition of the ICD, in its journey to increase clinical utility. Lastly, we discuss the research domain criteria and how this initiative might affect ADHD diagnosis in the future. We conclude by offering a perspective that acknowledges both the limitations of our current classificatory systems, but also points out their paramount importance to clinical practice. ADHD, as currently defined by DSM and ICD, is a well validated clinical category and a useful diagnosis for communication among practitioners, researchers, and for selecting treatments and care for patients.

Future of Classification in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

2012 ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Terence M. Keane ◽  
Mark W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter reviews the status of modifications to the definition of PTSD and proposed changes for DSM-5. We include a brief history of the diagnosis and trace its evolution in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). We discuss some of the current controversies related to the definition of PTSD including its location among the anxiety disorders, the utility of Criterion A and its subcomponents, and the factor structure of the symptoms. We review the rationale for the addition of new symptoms and modifications to existing criteria now and conclude with comments on future directions for research on PTSD.

scholarly journals Cohort profile: Study of Transition, Outcomes and Gender (STRONG) to assess health status of transgender people

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. e018121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia P Quinn ◽  
Rebecca Nash ◽  
Enid Hunkeler ◽  
Richard Contreras ◽  
Lee Cromwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Gender Identity ◽  
Index Date ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Kaiser Permanente ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Transition Outcomes ◽  
Gender Affirmation ◽  
And Gender

PurposeThe Study of Transition, Outcomes and Gender (STRONG) was initiated to assess the health status of transgender people in general and following gender-affirming treatments at Kaiser Permanente health plans in Georgia, Northern California and Southern California. The objectives of this communication are to describe methods of cohort ascertainment and data collection and to characterise the study population.ParticipantsA stepwise methodology involving computerised searches of electronic medical records and free-text validation of eligibility and gender identity was used to identify a cohort of 6456 members with first evidence of transgender status (index date) between 2006 and 2014. The cohort included 3475 (54%) transfeminine (TF), 2892 (45%) transmasculine (TM) and 89 (1%) members whose natal sex and gender identity remained undetermined from the records. The cohort was matched to 127 608 enrollees with no transgender evidence (63 825 women and 63 783 men) on year of birth, race/ethnicity, study site and membership year of the index date. Cohort follow-up extends through the end of 2016.Findings to dateAbout 58% of TF and 52% of TM cohort members received hormonal therapy at Kaiser Permanente. Chest surgery was more common among TM participants (12% vs 0.3%). The proportions of transgender participants who underwent genital reconstruction surgeries were similar (4%–5%) in the two transgender groups. Results indicate that there are sufficient numbers of events in the TF and TM cohorts to further examine mental health status, cardiovascular events, diabetes, HIV and most common cancers.Future plansSTRONG is well positioned to fill existing knowledge gaps through comparisons of transgender and reference populations and through analyses of health status before and after gender affirmation treatment. Analyses will include incidence of cardiovascular disease, mental health, HIV and diabetes, as well as changes in laboratory-based endpoints (eg, polycythemia and bone density), overall and in relation to gender affirmation therapy.

scholarly journals Commentary on Jonathan Raskin’s “What Might an Alternative to the DSM Suitable for Psychotherapists Look Like?”

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-384
Author(s):  
Rachel Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mental Health Practitioners ◽  
Health Care Insurance ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Basic Assumptions ◽  
Health Practitioners ◽  
History Of

Many mental health practitioners find it necessary to use the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM) for insurance purposes but are unhappy with its basic assumptions. This raises the question—Would it be possible to devise a new classification system that (1) could be used for insurance purposes and (2) would be based on alternative principles? In the main, this commentary is pessimistic. Through considering the history of attempts to devise alternatives to the DSM, I will argue that it would be extremely difficult to develop an alternative to the DSM that could be used to fund psychotherapy via health care insurance in the United States.

Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in Adolescents

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina In-Albon
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Self Injury ◽  
Uniform Definition ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
High Comorbidity ◽  
Nonsuicidal Self Injury

Abstract. Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a prevalent, pervasive, clinically significant behavior in adolescents, frequently associated with serious social, physical, and psychological consequences. It is characterized by high comorbidity with various disorders. Therefore, NSSI has been included as a research diagnosis in the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., American Psychiatric Association (APA; 2013) ; DSM-5; Section 3), as a condition requiring further study for possible future official adoption. This is a positive step toward providing researchers with a uniform definition and criteria. This state-of-the-art article gives an overview of prevalence rates, comorbidity, clinical correlates, functions, and risk factors as well as treatment and dealing with adolescents with NSSI and their Internet activities. Furthermore, the association and differences between NSSI and suicidality as well as borderline personality disorder are reviewed. The article concludes with future directions for research, for example, the dimensional approach to classification of the Research Domain Criteria project.

scholarly journals Views of schizophrenia patients on the effects of cannabis on their mental health

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishie Kumar Parshotam ◽  
Pierre M Joubert
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Text Revision ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
History Of

<p><strong>Background</strong>. Cannabis use may trigger or perpetuate clinical features of schizophrenia in vulnerable individuals, thereby contributing to the morbidity of schizophrenia and its burden of disease. These findings have mostly not considered the views of schizophrenia patients on cannabis use and its effect on their mental health.  </p><p><strong>Methods</strong>. A semi-structured 16-point opinion-type questionnaire was formulated from the results of a previous qualitative study on schizophrenia patients’ opinions about cannabis use. The questionnaire was applied to 60 participants from an inpatient schizophrenia population at Weskoppies Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa, who had a <em>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</em>, 4th edition (text revision) (DSM-IV-TR) diagnosis of schizophrenia and a documented history of cannabis use. </p><p><strong>Results</strong>. According to participants’ responses, 61.7% admitted to suffering from a mental illness, 95.0% admitted to using cannabis in the past, and 20.0% of participants admitted to the current use of cannabis. Over half (51.7%) of the participants responded that cannabis had adverse effects on their mental health, 26.7% that their mental illness was caused by using an illicit drug other than cannabis, 26.7% that only impure cannabis had adverse effects on their mental health, and 48.3% that only using too much cannabis had bad effects on their mind. A high percentage (58.3%) of participants responded that cannabis use helped reduce tension, 56.7% that it helped reduce anxiety, 66.7% that it helped to lift their mood, 63.3% that it helped them to relax, 60.0% that it helped to relieve their boredom, 43.3% that it helped them feel more energetic, 58.3% that it helped them sleep better, 13.3% that it helped reduce auditory hallucinations, and 31.7% that the beneficial effects of cannabis outweighed its negative effects. </p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong>. Most of the participants who responded that they were not using cannabis currently had positive views about its effects on their mental health, despite responding that cannabis may have adverse effects on their mental health. This is a worrisome outcome, since those participants who feel that cannabis has more beneficial than detrimental effects might not remain abstinent.</p>

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. Widiger ◽  
Whitney L. Gore
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Support ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Fourth Edition ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Dsm 5 ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dsm Iv ◽  
Definition Of

This chapter provides a discussion of the American Psychiatric Association’s classification of mental disorders (DSM-I through DSM-5), with a particular emphasis on mood disorders and their classification and diagnosis. It begins with the rationale for having an official, authoritative diagnostic manual and then traces the history of the development of the first edition through the fourth edition (DSM-IV-TR, 2000). The authors then discuss fundamental issues concerning the fifth edition (DSM-5, 2013), including the definition of mental disorder, the empirical support for proposed revisions, the shift toward a dimensional model of classification, and the shift toward a neurobiologically-based classification.

Psychiatric Nosology

2019 ◽  
pp. 33-52
Author(s):  
Paul S. Nestadt ◽  
Karen E. Seymour ◽  
James B. Potash ◽  
Paul R. McHugh
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Psychiatric Nosology ◽  
Statistical Manual ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
Research Domain

This chapter introduces and compares three prominent systems for the classification of mental illness, recognizing that no one system is ideal for all purposes and that there is a complicated historical context for each. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders arose in response to a troubling lack of consistent and reliable diagnostic definitions among both mental health researchers and clinicians. The Perspectives of Psychiatry framework represents a comprehensive approach to mental disorders that begins with the understanding that they can stem from combinations of one’s biology, behaviors, temperament, and personal experiences. The Research Domain Criteria framework is of particular value to scientists investigating the biological underpinnings of mental illness, arranging mental phenomenology along neuropsychological dimensions that can be broken down into proposed mechanisms building from genes to physiology to symptoms.

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