The Ethics of Digital Research

2019 ◽  
pp. 512-519
Author(s):  
Jeffrey T. Hancock
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Emotional Contagion ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Heterogeneous Populations ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Many ◽  
Ecosystem Changes ◽  
Digital Research

With all the important changes to methodology that research on networked communication brings, a key dimension that must be addressed is how to conduct research ethically. This chapter introduces section VI of the Handbook and reviews some of the key challenges that arise when doing digital research. This introduction draws from the many conversations the author had with various stakeholders about the the key issues surrounding the Facebook Emotional Contagion study, and it uses that discussion to highlight the main contributions of the chapters in this section. Some of the challenges considered include the evolving research ecosystem, changes in privacy practices, informed consent, heterogeneous populations and cultures, and technical and legal issues.

Key Issues for Digital Research: A Social Science Perspective on Policy and Practice

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Dutton ◽  
Marina Jirotka ◽  
Eric T. Meyer ◽  
Ralph Schroeder ◽  
Cohen R Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Social Science ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Digital Research

Regulations and Norms for Reuse of Residual Clinical Biospecimens and Health Data

2021 ◽  
pp. 019394592110292
Author(s):  
Elizabeth E. Umberfield ◽  
Sharon L. R. Kardia ◽  
Yun Jiang ◽  
Andrea K. Thomer ◽  
Marcelline R. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Real World ◽  
Genetic Information ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Health Data ◽  
Federal Regulations ◽  
Secondary Research ◽  
Domain Experts ◽  
Key Issues

Nurse scientists are increasingly interested in conducting secondary research using real world collections of biospecimens and health data. The purposes of this scoping review are to (a) identify federal regulations and norms that bear authority or give guidance over reuse of residual clinical biospecimens and health data, (b) summarize domain experts’ interpretations of permissions of such reuse, and (c) summarize key issues for interpreting regulations and norms. Final analysis included 25 manuscripts and 23 regulations and norms. This review illustrates contextual complexity for reusing residual clinical biospecimens and health data, and explores issues such as privacy, confidentiality, and deriving genetic information from biospecimens. Inconsistencies make it difficult to interpret, which regulations or norms apply, or if applicable regulations or norms are congruent. Tools are necessary to support consistent, expert-informed consent processes and downstream reuse of residual clinical biospecimens and health data by nurse scientists.

Electronic Fetal Monitoring: Physician Liability and Informed Consent

1984 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-91
Author(s):  
Myra Gerson Gilfix
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Fetal Monitoring ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Standards Of Care ◽  
Monitoring Technique ◽  
Electronic Fetal Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Procedure ◽  
Practice Standard ◽  
Physician Liability

AbstractElectronic fetal monitoring (EFM) has been criticized as ineffective, unsafe and costly. Despite existing controversy regarding the risks involved in using EFM, this monitoring procedure continues to be widely employed. In many jurisdictions, in fact, the use of EFM during labor may be considered the customary practice. This Article analyzes the medical and legal issues arising from a physician's use of or failure to use EFM. The Author argues that EFM subjects the mother and the fetus to risks which may be avoided if auscultation, a less intrusive monitoring technique, is employed. The ‘customary practice’ standard of care, the ordinary negligence standard of care, and the ‘best judgment’ and ‘duty to keep abreast’ standards of care are compared and applied to the physician's decision to use EFM. The Author contends that physicians who employ auscultation may not be liable for failing to use EFM; however, physicians who use EFM despite the evidence of its risks may be liable for failing to ‘keep abreast’ or to use their ‘best judgment’ or for negligence. Finally, the Author contends that both physicians and their patients are best protected when the physician elicits the mother's informed consent to employ a particular monitoring technique during labor.

scholarly journals Aspectos relevantes del intento de reforma constitucional en Italia en la cuestión de procedimiento legislativo y fuentes primarias = Aspetti rilevanti della tentata riforma constituzionale in Italia in tema di procedimiento legislativo en fonti primarie = Relevant aspects of the constitutional reform attemp in Italy in the matter of legislative procedure and primary sources

2017 ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Tommaso Pensabene Lionti
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Law ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Constitutional Reform ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Legislative Process ◽  
Parliamentary System ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Legislative Procedure ◽  
Constitutional System ◽  
The Many

<p>El 4 de diciembre de 2016 los italianos fueron llamados a participar, a través de la votación, en el <em>referéndum</em> concerniente una ley constitucional que (en caso de resultado positivo), habría modificado de manera radical el ordenamiento constitucional italiano. Entre las múltiples modificaciones que la reforma quería introducir, se enfocan lo significativos cambios que la misma habría producido en materia de procedimiento legislativo. En efecto, al final de la reforma, el sistema parlamentario italiano habría cambiado, transitando desde el llamado “bicameralismo paritario” hasta un sistema monocameral “asimétrico o diferenciado”. En consecuencia, habría cambiado el procedimiento legislativo, estructurándose en múltiples procedimientos, o variantes procedimentales, de los cuales se describe la disciplina, haciendo hincapié sobre algunos relevantes aspectos problemáticos. Se subraya, también, que la reforma, a través de la modificación del procedimiento legislativo, junto con la nueva disciplina constitucional de los decretos-leyes y de la nueva repartición de las competencias normativas entre el Estado y las Regiones, habría producido cambios importantes sobre las mismas características de las leyes y de los actos con fuerza de ley. En conclusión, se plantean las posibles razones, políticas y jurídicas, que han llevado al resultado negativo del <em>referendum</em> constitucional.</p><p>On December 4, 2016, Italians were called upon a <em>referendum</em> to approve a constitutional law that would (if successful) radically change the Italian constitutional system. Among the many changes that the reform intended to pursue, we are focusing on the significant changes it would bring in the legislative procedure. As a result of the reform, in fact, the Italian parliamentary system would be changed, passing from "bicameralism equal" to a "asymmetric or differentiated" monocameral system. Consequently, the legislative process would have changed, articulating into multiple procedures or procedural variants, of which the discipline is described, focusing on some relevant problematic profiles. It should also be noted that the reform, with the modification of the legislative procedure, together with the new constitutional discipline of the decree-law and the new division of normative competences between the State and the Regions, would have produced important changes in the features of laws and acts with force of law. Finally, we are questioning about the possible reasons, policies and legal issues, that have led to the negative outcome of the constitutional <em>referendum</em><em>.</em></p>

Treatment Issues in Child Sexual Abuse

1991 ◽  
Vol 159 (6) ◽  
pp. 769-782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danya Glaser
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Child Sexual Abuse ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Careful Planning ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Many

Child sexual abuse is a commonly encountered and often emotionally damaging experience, maintained by secrecy and followed by denial after disclosure. Treatment in this field involves both the child and the family in a variety of treatment settings and modalities, often proceeding in parallel. Child developmental considerations dictate that treatment often proceeds in phases. It aims to protect the child from further abuse and the consequences of disclosure, and address the trauma and context of the abuse. Careful planning and co-operation is required by the many professionals working in this stressful area in order to avoid confusion, conflicts, and splits which may mirror relationships in the family. The heterogeneity of the problem is reflected in the fact that treatment cannot be offered in a uniform programme. Legal issues may influence the treatment process. Evaluation of treatment modalities, the identification of protective factors and achieving long-term adjustment in the least detrimental manner offer challenges in this newly developing field.

Future plant solutions by interfering RNA and key messages for communication and dissemination.

2021 ◽  
pp. 167-173
Author(s):  
Hilde-Gunn Opsahl-Sorteberg
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Plant Breeding ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Crop Varieties ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
The Many ◽  
Interfering Rna

Abstract Communication is an increasing prerequisite to justify academic existence and value, and for project funding of all kinds to show relevance and value, including the future of European networks like COST Actions. Academia is slowly adapting to this expectation and learning the profession of communication. Language and vocabulary are key issues in communication, and particularly to reach the many important non-scientific audiences. Therefore, this chapter starts with a description of some new plant breeding technologies relevant for communicating, in general terms, the science behind plant improvement. This is followed by selected examples of the application of these techniques to improve current and future crop varieties. Finally, key messages gathered from the European iPLANTA project for policy makers, non-specialists and specially interested citizens are communicated. This is to show a wider audience how RNAi can contribute to sustainable food solutions and food security with minimal environmental impacts.

Informed Consent: Framing the Questions

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica W. Berg ◽  
Paul S. Appelbaum ◽  
Charles W. Lidz ◽  
Lisa S. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Interpersonal Process ◽  
Patient Relationship ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
Reasonable Approach ◽  
The Many ◽  
Society Today ◽  
Right Of Self Determination

What is informed consent? The answer may seem self-evident only to those who have yet to explore the many meanings of the term. Informed consent refers to legal rules that prescribe behaviors for physicians and other healthcare professionals in their interactions with patients and provide for penalties, under given circumstances, if physicians deviate from those expectations; to an ethical doctrine, rooted in our society’s cherished value of autonomy, that promotes patients’ right of self-determination regarding medical treatment; and to an interpersonal process whereby these parties interact with each other to select an appropriate course of medical care. Informed consent is each of these things, yet none of them alone. As a theory based on ethical principles, given effect by legal rulings and implemented by clinicians, it has been haunted by its complex lineage. When legal principles and ethical values conflict, which should take precedence? When clinical interests appear to be served by neither legal nor ethical concerns, which interests should be compromised and to what degree? The vast literature on informed consent, found in journals and books of medicine, law, bioethics, philosophy, and public policy, has been stimulated by the need to create a workable doctrine that can accommodate values that to many observers are in an irremediable state of conflict. The conflicts in theory and the need to resolve them in practice are the subjects of this book. Theory is the focus of the first half of the volume; practice is the topic of the second. Seeking to understand the fascinating theoretical problems requires us to grapple with some of the most difficult ethical and policy issues facing our society today. But let us state at the outset our belief that the clinician on the front lines need not be paralyzed by differences of opinion among legal and ethical theorists. Through the vaguely translucent wall of expertise behind which the discussion about the proper shape of the informed consent doctrine has taken place, a reasonable approach to informed consent in the clinician-patient relationship can be discerned. Our most important and challenging task in this book is to make that approach evident.

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