The Development of Political Consumerism in India

2018 ◽  
pp. 26-46
Author(s):  
Hari Sreekumar ◽  
Rohit Varman
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Political Consumerism ◽  
Economic Nationalism ◽  
The West ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Major Point ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Historical View ◽  
Vulnerable Consumers

This chapter provides a historical view of the development of political consumerism in India and details its present-day manifestations. Political consumerism in India emerged during the colonial period and was rooted in Gandhian ideologies such as swadeshi. The chapter highlights how swadeshi has been co-opted by political and business interests, which have recast it as a form of ascendant economic nationalism. Strategies such as boycotting have been employed, sometimes against vulnerable consumers. Food has emerged as a major point of contention and has been employed strategically to convey identity, reinforce social hierarchies, and even as a test of Indianness. The chapter concludes that political consumerism in India, due to its colonial origins, follows trajectories that are distinct from those in the West.

Why Did Indian Big Business Pursue a Policy of Economic Nationalism in the Interwar Years? A New Window to an Old Debate

2009 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 979-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
MANALI CHAKRABARTI
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Nationalism ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Big Business ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Nationalist Movement ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
European Business ◽  
Racial Lines

AbstractIndian big business campaigned for economically nationalistic policies during the interwar period. Existing scholarship is sharply divided as to the reason for the same. One group of scholars claim that Indian big business as a class rose above its economic interests and actively joined and even led the anti-imperial nationalist movement during the period. The other group contests the above view and proposes that Indian big business was guided by business interests while rallying for economic nationalism. Significantly the interwar period is also marked by a growing antagonism between Indian big business and European commercial class apparently on racial lines, and they held diametrically opposite positions on most issues of commercial relevance. This development is cited as evidence in support of the former view. In this paper I present data of the European business collective of Kanpur, that exhibited almost identical positions as Indian big business, on several significant economic and political issues during the interwar period. From a detailed analysis of the nature of this collective (that had interests in cotton textiles, leather and sugar, amongst others) I have tried to re-configure the debate on the character of Indian big business during the interwar period.

scholarly journals From Satirical Piece to Commercial Product: The Mid-Victorian Opera Burlesque and its Bourgeois Audience

2017 ◽  
Vol 142 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-108
Author(s):  
Joanne Cormac
Keyword(s):  
Social Role ◽  
Commercial Product ◽  
The West ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Low Culture ◽  
Great Exhibition

ABSTRACTCurrent studies of burlesque position it as a subversive genre that questioned cultural and social hierarchies and spoke to diverse audiences. Central to this interpretation are burlesque's juxtapositions of high and low culture, particularly popular and operatic music. This article problematizes this view, proposing that mid-Victorian burlesques lost their satirical bite. Demonstrating little concern for the tastes or interests of the poorer or the most elite members of the audience, they specifically targeted the bourgeoisie. The article places three mid-Victorian burlesques in the wider context of the commercial development of the West End following the 1851 Great Exhibition. It proposes that this broader context, and not the genre's perceived social role, provides the key to understanding the impulses driving the musical choices. It argues that juxtapositions of ‘high’ and ‘low’ music were far from subversive; rather they were included for commercial reasons, offering variety – but variety within strict bourgeois limits.

scholarly journals Peran Wilayah Negeri Larike pada Masa Kolonial

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Syahruddin Mansyur
Keyword(s):  
West Coast ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
The West ◽  
Administrative Center

Sejak kehadiran bangsa Eropa Khususnya Belanda di Nusantara, berbagai upaya dilakukan untuk menguasai perdagangan termasuk di Kepulauan Maluku sebagai sumber utama produksi cengkih. Latar historis ini dapat diamati melalui sebaran tinggalan arkeologi masa Kolonial yang ada di wilayah ini, salah satunya adalah Negeri Larike yang berada di pesisir barat Jazirah Leihitu. Melalui metode analisis deskriptif dan analogi sejarah, tulisan ini dimaksudkan untuk mengidentifikasi sebaran tinggalan arkeologi yang ada di Negeri Larike, serta peran wilayah Negeri Larike dalam konteks historis masa Kolonial. Hasil penelitian mengungkap bahwa terdapat beberapa tinggalan arkeologi yang ada di wilayah ini. Ragam tinggalan tersebut sekaligus memberi gambaran peran wilayah sebagai salah satu wilayah pemusatan produksi cengkih dan pusat administrasi pemerintahan Belanda untuk wilayah Pesisir Barat Jazirah Leihitu. Since the presence of Europeans Especially the Dutch in the archipelago, various attempts were made to control the trade, including in the Maluku Islands as the main source of production of cloves. This historical background can be observed through the distribution of archaeological remains of the colonial period in this region, one of which is the Larike Village located in the west coast of Leihitu Peninsula. Through descriptive analysis method and historical analogies, this paper is intended to identify the distribution  of archaeological remains exist in Larike Village, as well as the role of the territory Larike Village in historical context Colonial period. Results of the study revealed that there are several archaeological remains exist in this region. The remains variety as well as describing the role of the region as one of the area concentration clove production and administrative center of the Dutch government for the territory of the West Coast Leihitu Peninsula.

scholarly journals Does the onset of trends towards convergence within the differentiation of the global system confirm the general assumptions about the development of territorial and social hierarchies?

Geografie ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hampl
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Politics ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Global System ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Developed Countries

We are currently witnessing a significant turn in the evolution of the global system. The long term rise in the dominance of the “West” has been recently not only halted, but if fact reversed. Within the last two decades, close to a fifth of the world’s GDP has been transferred from the core to the semiperiphery, and increasingly also the periphery, of the global system. The hierarchic manner of the asymmetric geographic distribution of the world’s economy and population, and its transformation, remains a significant subject of scientific research and a key issue within the decision-making sphere of world politics. However, the discrepancy between the hierarchical differentiation of states and civilizations in terms of their size on one hand and their development (wealth) on the other remains an important issue. The degree of this discrepancy (or lack of) depends on the scale on which the differentiation is examined. At the macroregional level, it remains very pronounced, while it decreases in significance on the mezoregional and microregional levels – within the developed countries, a relative correspondence exists between both types of hierarchy. This article therefore intends to delineate the basic types of hierarchical differentiation to discuss the causal mechanisms of their formation and prospective change.

scholarly journals Peer Tutoring in Japan: A New Approach for a Unique Educational System

2015 ◽  
pp. 112-119
Author(s):  
Hinako Takeuchi
Keyword(s):  
Peer Tutoring ◽  
Education System ◽  
Writing Center ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Western World ◽  
Japanese Education ◽  
The West ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
New Approach

Peer tutoring was first introduced in the Western world, where education systems are quite different from the East. While peer tutoring has brought much success as an alternative to educational instruction in the West, it is still in the process of being introduced in the East. As Japanese universities begin to use peer tutoring, we must search for methods that fit the unique Japanese education system, in which social hierarchy plays an important role. This essay will share some preliminary observations on how cultural and systemic aspects of the Japanese education system may impact peer tutoring in Japanese universities. It will first explore multiple definitions on peer tutoring, before analyzing the Japanese education system and social hierarchies. Finally, the essay will provide a case study on a writing center in a Westernized prefectural university in Japan and discuss further research options.

scholarly journals Edward Said: Post-colonial Discourse and Its Impact on Literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Naifa Al Mtairi
Keyword(s):  
Colonial Period ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Edward Said ◽  
Colonial Discourse ◽  
Colonial Literature ◽  
The West ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Economic Relationships ◽  
Colonial Theory

This paper highlights Edward Said’s ideology for discerning literary texts that followed the colonial period as a post-colonial discourse. Though some scholars disapprove that notion, Said holds the view that literature is a product of contested social and economic relationships. The West attempts to represent the East and consequently dominates it, not only for knowledge but for political power as well. He assures the worldliness of texts and their interferences with disciplines, cultures and history. Thus, the post-colonial critic should consider the post-colonial literature that might take the form of traditional European literature or the role of the migrant writer in portraying the experience of their countries. The pot-colonial theory with its focus on the misrepresentation of the colonized by the colonizer and the former’s attitude of resistance, draws new lines for literature and suggests a way of reading which resists imperialist ideologies.

The Origins of Senegalese Homophobia: Discourses on Homosexuals and Transgender People in Colonial and Postcolonial Senegal

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Babacar M’Baye
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
The West ◽  
Civilizing Mission ◽  
Transgender People ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Gender

Abstract:This article traces the history of homosexual and transgender behavior in Senegal from colonial times to the contemporary period in order to demonstrate the flimsiness of the claims, made by many political and religious leaders and scholars, that homosexuality is “un-African.” Such claims, which appear as reactions to neocolonialism and Western intervention in African affairs, usually are homophobic discourses that invoke patriotism, cultural difference, and morality in order to justify the subjugation of homosexual and gender nonconforming individuals (goor-jiggens) living in Senegal. In an attempt to understand the roots of Senegalese homophobia, the article analyzes several depictions of homosexuals and transgender people in contemporary Senegal and traces them to similar representations in European writings of the colonial period. As this approach reveals, homosexuals and transgender people in Senegal, from colonial times to the present, have been constructed as scapegoats, first of the French mission civilisatrice (civilizing mission) and then of Senegalese political and Islamic backlashes. Although they have always cohabited with the rest of the society, homosexuals and transgender people in Senegal have been treated largely as strangers in their own land. By analyzing the discourses of both French colonials and Senegalese, one finds a persistent binary opposing the West and Africa and denigrating sexual and gender variances and subcultures in Senegal as pathological European imports.

Adaptation of Western Modern Concepts in Modern Korean Architecture in the Early Twentieth Century: Through the Perspective of Science, Efficiency, and Hygiene

2021 ◽  
pp. 127-153
Author(s):  
Myengsoo Seo
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
The West ◽  
Company Housing ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Japanese Colonial ◽  
Korean Architecture

This research explores the characteristics of Korean early modern architecture in the early twentieth century. Modern Korean architecture experienced conflicts and continuities between tradition and modernity from the late nineteenth to the early twentieth centuries. To evaluate these various influences, this article considers Korean early modern architecture through the perspective of such modern concepts as “science,” “efficiency,” and “hygiene.” These modern concepts emerged first in the West before the nineteenth century, and they played significant roles in constructing a modern society in the West and the East. By investigating how these modern concepts were adopted in Korea in the early twentieth century, this research scrutinizes not only individual architects such as Park Gilryong and Park Dongjin but also newly constructed buildings such as kwansa (official residences of Japanese ministries) and sat’aek (company housing), especially during the Japanese colonial period. Furthermore, this research goes beyond Korean architecture to encompass regional and cultural differences. This research enables early modern Korean architecture to find its identity through the approach of social and cultural contexts, and by comparison with Western architectural culture.

Shaming Colonial Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-103
Keyword(s):  
Legal Aspects ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Social Hierarchies ◽  
Ousmane Sembene ◽  
Mongo Beti ◽  
Hamidou Kane ◽  
Ferdinand Oyono ◽  
Colonial Oppression

An examination of the ways in which shame was used during the colonial period both to encourage submission to the colonial project and to resist that oppression. The primary texts to consider are Le vieux nègre et la médaille by Ferdinand Oyono for its depiction of shame’s utility in maintaining social hierarchies and how, ironically, a shameful narrative can contest that power, Les Bouts de bois de Dieu by Ousmane Sembène, for its more strident shaming and addition of economic and legal aspects of shame, and Le pauvre Christ de Bomba by Mongo Beti and L’Aventure ambiguë by Cheikh Hamidou Kane for their inclusion of the role religious shame plays in colonial oppression.

scholarly journals Human migration is important in the international spread of exoticSalmonellaserovars in animal and human populations

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (11) ◽  
pp. 2281-2296 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. IVESON ◽  
S. D. BRADSHAW ◽  
R. A. HOW ◽  
D. W. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
West Coast ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
International Tourism ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
The West ◽  
Tropical Areas ◽  
Zoogeographical Region

SUMMARYThe exposure of indigenous humans and native fauna in Australia and the Wallacea zoogeographical region of Indonesia to exoticSalmonellaserovars commenced during the colonial period and has accelerated with urbanization and international travel. In this study, the distribution and prevalence of exoticSalmonellaserovars are mapped to assess the extent to which introduced infections are invading native wildlife in areas of high natural biodiversity under threat from expanding human activity. The major exoticSalmonellaserovars, Bovismorbificans, Derby, Javiana, Newport, Panama, Saintpaul and Typhimurium, isolated from wildlife on populated coastal islands in southern temperate areas of Western Australia, were mostly absent from reptiles and native mammals in less populated tropical areas of the state. They were also not recorded on the uninhabited Mitchell Plateau or islands of the Bonaparte Archipelago, adjacent to south-eastern Indonesia. Exotic serovars were, however, isolated in wildlife on 14/17 islands sampled in the Wallacea region of Indonesia and several islands off the west coast of Perth. Increases in international tourism, involving islands such as Bali, have resulted in the isolation of a high proportion of exotic serovar infections suggesting that densely populated island resorts in the Asian region are acting as staging posts for the interchange ofSalmonellainfections between tropical and temperate regions.

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