Sleeping to Dream, Develop, and Resist Decline

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katharine Hughes ◽  
Payal Khosla ◽  
Lauren Pisani ◽  
Goffredina Spanò ◽  
Jamie O. Edgin
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Family ◽  
Potential Factor ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline ◽  
The Impact

Sleep quality is increasingly recognized as a potential factor influencing healthy cognitive and neural development across the lifespan. It is becoming more recognized as an important factor for persons with Down syndrome, and this chapter describes the most recent literature regarding sleep disturbance, its correlates, and findings from animal models in this population. The authors discuss the relation of poor sleep to behavioral, brain, and cognitive dysfunction and highlight the family consequences for altered sleep in children with Down syndrome. These pervasive sleep deficits have the potential to derail cognitive development during critical periods for language learning and could also exacerbate age-related cognitive decline. The authors hope that this compilation of evidence regarding sleep deficits in persons with Down syndrome will help facilitate more treatment studies for sleep disorders in this population, including treatments aimed at poor sleep in infants, as well as mid-adulthood, which may lessen or delay the impact of the pathological progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Methodological challenges to sleep research are discussed, and future directions for this field are highlighted.

scholarly journals Overcoming Parent Strategies with Down Syndrome (DS) Children

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-75
Author(s):  
Tania Nurmalita
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Coping Strategy ◽  
Coming Out ◽  
Parenting Program ◽  
Religious Activity ◽  
Outdoor Activity ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Final Amount

Being a part of the family who has children with special needs like Down Syndrome (DS) of course really challenging for facing daily activities with children with DS around. The aim of this literature review is to reveal about how parents of children with DS applied coping strategy to face daily life and support their child. The sources were collected online from 4 journals databases. Those databases are ProQuest, SAGE Journals, Science Direct, and ERIC. Articles that were taken by researcher were published in year 2009-2019. Researcher found 179 journals and selected by screening inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final amount of conducted and reviewed journals are 12 papers. Based on review that had been done, all of the parents of children with DS did some kinds of coping strategy in parenting. The strategies that used are: attribution technique in accepting their child’s condition, implementing the positive attitude towards their children’s condition, getting more intense in religious activity and got closer to God, looking for the organization and community that related to DS, and also doing more sports or outdoor activity as a coming out purpose. Finding out the parents’ coping strategy and the impact for the DS child will be the basis of conducting parenting program effectively and hopefully this program will be effective in optimizing the development of DS child.

scholarly journals Brain Ageing, Cognition and Diet: A Review of the Emerging Roles of Food-Based Nootropics in Mitigating Age-related Memory Decline

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adejoke Yetunde Onaolapo ◽  
Adebimpe Yemisi Obelawo ◽  
Olakunle James Onaolapo
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Antioxidant Defense System ◽  
Food Ingredients ◽  
Memory Decline ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Brain Ageing ◽  
Nootropic Agents ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline ◽  
The Impact

Background: Age-related cognitive decline has been suggested to result from an increase in the brain neuron loss, which is attributable to continued derangement of the brain’s oxidant/ antioxidant balance. Increased oxidative stress and a concomitant decrease in the brain’s antioxidant defense system have been associated with functional senescence and organismal ageing. However, nature has configured certain foods to be rich sources of nootropic agents, with research showing that increased consumption of such foods or food ingredients may be protective against ageing-related memory decline. This knowledge is becoming increasingly valuable in an era when the boundary that separates food from medicine is becoming blurred. In this review, we examine extant literature dealing with the impact of ageing on brain structure and function, with an emphasis on the roles of oxidative stress. Secondly, we review the benefits of food-based antioxidants with nootropic effects and/or food-based nootropic agents in mitigating memory decline; with a view to improving our understanding of likely mechanisms. We also highlight some of the limitations to the use of food-based nootropics and suggest ways in which they can be better employed in the clinical management of age-related cognitive decline. Conclusion: While it is known that the human brain endures diverse insults in the process of ageing, food-based nootropics are likely to go a long way in mitigating the impacts of these insults. Further research is needed before we reach a point where food-based nootropics are routinely prescribed.

scholarly journals Down syndrome – a challenge for Latvian health care and education system

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 03008
Author(s):  
Julija Cirule-Galuza ◽  
Strale Ilze ◽  
Solvita Jegorenko ◽  
Liga Priedena ◽  
Erika Gintere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
Rehabilitation Services ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Impact

Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder. From 1997 to 2015, 473 DS patients were born in Latvia. Prenatal diagnosis allows terminating pregnancies with high risk of DS. The aim of our research was to assess the impact of environmental quality (family and extra-familial care) on the child's development, range of services for DS patients, and to identify the optimal early support system. Families and specialists were interviewed to analyze differences between children in families and institutional care clients. State financial support for a DS child in the family is less than to a child in institutional care, and does not provide adequate rehabilitation services. Conclusion: the environment (family/institution, available resources, and rehabilitation services) where the child grows up after the birth, determines both their quality of life and level of independence development. If the somatic problem-solving path is clear, then social integration needs to be improved. Support of inter-professional teams for the families is necessary immediately after the diagnostic statement in order to ensure a more favourable family environment and to reduce the risk of institutionalization. Despite the potentially higher early intensive rehabilitation costs, in the course of time we can predict that it will provide an economic effect on the state and improve the patient and their family's quality of life.

What We Should Not Forget about Down Syndrome

Neurographics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-165
Author(s):  
D.C. Fragoso ◽  
D.M. Nunes ◽  
A.C.M. Maia ◽  
L.A.L. Garcia ◽  
H.C.B.R. Alves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Chromosome 21 ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Notable Increase ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline

Down syndrome is the foremost common genetic cause of intellectual disability. The additional copy of chromosome 21 confers potential changes in virtually all organ systems, including the brain, neck structures, and spine. Neuroradiologists should be aware of the multitude of imaging findings in patients with Down syndrome to correctly identify and diagnose life-altering conditions associated with this syndrome. In particular, the high prevalence of age-related cognitive decline and dementia stands out more clearly in recent decades due to the notable increase in these individuals' survival. Although the early and timely diagnosis of cognitive decline in patients with varying degrees of intellectual disability has not been an easy task from the clinical point of view, anatomic and functional brain studies have shown an essential role because they allow the early recognition of abnormalities that precede the cognitive decline. Furthermore, the similarities and differences in neuropathologic, genetic, and imaging aspects in patients with Down syndrome have allowed extrapolation for a better understanding of the mechanisms linked to Alzheimer disease development.Learning Objective: To review and systematize the distinctive characteristics and abnormalities of the head and neck, vertebral column, and CNS present in Down syndrome

scholarly journals NREM consolidation and increased spindle counts improve age-related memory impairments and hippocampal representations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin K. Yuan ◽  
Matthew R. Lopez ◽  
Manuel-Miguel Ramos-Alavarez ◽  
Marc E. Normandin ◽  
Arthur S. Thomas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Sleep Architecture ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Poor Sleep ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline ◽  
Old Mice ◽  
Young Mice

SummaryAge-related changes in sleep patterns have been linked to cognitive decline. Specifically, increasing age is associated with increasing fragmentation of sleep and wake cycles. However, it remains unknown if improvements in sleep architecture can ameliorate cellular and cognitive deficits. We evaluated how changes in sleep architecture following sleep restriction affected hippocampal representations and memory in young and old mice. After training in a hippocampus- dependent object/place recognition task, control animals were allowed to sleep ad libitum, while experimental animals underwent 5 hours of sleep restriction (SR). Interestingly, old SR mice exhibited successful object/place learning comparable to young control mice, whereas young SR and old control mice did not. Successful learning correlated with the presence of two hippocampal cell types: 1) “Context” cells, which remained stable throughout training and testing, and 2) “Object” cells, which shifted their preferred firing location when objects were introduced to the context and moved during testing. As expected, EEG analysis revealed more fragmented sleep and fewer spindles in old controls than young controls during the post-training sleep period. However, following the acute SR session, old animals exhibited increased consolidation of NREM and increased spindle count, while young mice only displayed changes in REM bout length. These results indicate that consolidation of NREM sleep and increases in spindle count serve to ameliorate age-related memory deficits and allow hippocampal representations to adapt to changing environments.eTORC BlurbAge-related cognitive decline is associated with poor sleep quality. This study shows that acute sleep restriction serves to improve memory, hippocampal representations, and sleep quality in old mice, having the opposite effect in young animals. These findings indicate that improving sleep quality may mitigate age-related cognitive decline.HighlightsAcute sleep restriction improves memory in old mice, but adversely affects young onesAcute sleep restriction makes hippocampal representations more flexible in old miceAcute sleep restriction improves sleep quality and increases spindle count in old miceAcute sleep restriction decreases hippocampal flexibility in young mice

scholarly journals FORMING A PERSON OF A JUVENILE OFFENDER WHO COMMIT CRIMES WITH PARTICULAR CRUELTY

2019 ◽  
pp. 137-140
Author(s):  
R. O. Bundz
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Delinquency ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Juvenile Offender ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
The Family ◽  
Potential Factor ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Violent Offenses ◽  
The Impact

Having traced the criminalization process for minors, it can be argued that more and more violent offenses have the extreme form of cruelty. It is proved that the most stable and significant part of violent crimes include deliberate murder, deliberate infliction of grave and moderate injury to health, robberies, forced robberies, forced rape, hooliganism, beatings, torture, etc. Such criminal acts constituting the criminological significant group are distinguished, primarily by such criteria as the method of action of an offender, the form of guilt and the object of the attack. The structure of juvenile delinquency is characterized mostly by mercenary, mercenary-violent and violent types of crimes. The crimes committed by young people are more impudent and aggressive compared to general crime. The number of crimes committed on the basis of drug addiction and alcoholism is especially increasing. It is stated that juvenile delinquency is usually of a group nature. It is established that the investigation of the causes of the crimes will not be complete without studying the causes and conditions of the personality of the offender. After all, the causes of the commission of crimes that directly induce or push a person to choose the wrongful conduct in a particular situation, are, so to speak, subjective, that is, inseparably linked with the subject of the crime. The main determinants of the formation of the identity of a juvenile offender who commit crimes with particular cruelty include: the negative impact of the family as a potential factor in the formation of the personality of a juvenile offender; child homelessness and neglect; unorganized leisure; alcoholization and narcosis of children's environment; manifestations of bullying among minors, etc. It is proved that the mechanism of influence of factors on crime is rather complex and, therefore, the influence of each of them can only be arbitrary, since the positive or negative impact of any aspect of social life depends on a specific combination of factors. The impact of criminogenic factors, and sometimes their consequences, lmanifests in the fact that they objectively contribute to crime.

scholarly journals Mechanistic Analysis of Age-Related Clinical Manifestations in Down Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu-Qiao Chen ◽  
Zhuo Xing ◽  
Quang-Di Chen ◽  
Richard J. Salvi ◽  
Xuming Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Chromosome 21 ◽  
Growth Delay ◽  
Biological Aging ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Impact

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) due to trisomy for all or part of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21). It is also associated with other phenotypes including distinctive facial features, cardiac defects, growth delay, intellectual disability, immune system abnormalities, and hearing loss. All adults with DS demonstrate AD-like brain pathology, including amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, by age 40 and dementia typically by age 60. There is compelling evidence that increased APP gene dose is necessary for AD in DS, and the mechanism for this effect has begun to emerge, implicating the C-terminal APP fragment of 99 amino acid (β-CTF). The products of other triplicated genes on Hsa21 might act to modify the impact of APP triplication by altering the overall rate of biological aging. Another important age-related DS phenotype is hearing loss, and while its mechanism is unknown, we describe its characteristics here. Moreover, immune system abnormalities in DS, involving interferon pathway genes and aging, predispose to diverse infections and might modify the severity of COVID-19. All these considerations suggest human trisomy 21 impacts several diseases in an age-dependent manner. Thus, understanding the possible aging-related mechanisms associated with these clinical manifestations of DS will facilitate therapeutic interventions in mid-to-late adulthood, while at the same time shedding light on basic mechanisms of aging.

scholarly journals Rapid phonotactic constraint learning in aging: Evidence from speech errors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merel Muylle ◽  
Eleonore Huguette M. Smalle ◽  
Robert Hartsuiker
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Speech Errors ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Order Constraints ◽  
Constraint Learning ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline

Older adults are able to implicitly pick up structural regularities in the environment in a relatively unaffected way despite age-related cognitive decline. Although there is extensive evidence for this observation in the domain of motor skill learning, it is not clear whether this is also true for aspects of language learning. In this study, we investigate the effect of aging on implicitly learning novel phonotactic constraints in the native spoken language. During four sessions on consecutive days, a group of fifteen young (18-25 years) and fifteen healthy older (74-82 years) Dutch-speaking adults were asked to rapidly recite sequences of syllables conform Dutch phonotactics (e.g., siet mieng kief hien). Within the setting of the experiment, two unrestricted consonants in the Dutch spoken language were constrained to an onset or coda position depending on the medial vowel. Analysis of speech errors revealed rapid adherence to the novel second- order constraints in the older group. Strikingly, the effect mirrors earlier developmental work with children using the same paradigm (Smalle, Muylle, Szmalec, & Duyck, 2017). The findings are discussed in light of possible age-dependent differences in implicit and explicit cognitive subsystems underlying human skill learning.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Effects of Catechins in Less Common Neurological and Neurodegenerative Disorders

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2232
Author(s):  
Giorgia Sebastiani ◽  
Laura Almeida-Toledano ◽  
Mariona Serra-Delgado ◽  
Elisabet Navarro-Tapia ◽  
Sebastian Sailer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Huntington Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Neuronal Plasticity ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Age Related Cognitive Decline

In recent years, neurological and neurodegenerative disorders research has focused on altered molecular mechanisms in search of potential pharmacological targets, e.g., imbalances in mechanisms of response to oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and neuronal plasticity, which occur in less common neurological and neurodegenerative pathologies (Huntington disease, multiple sclerosis, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, and Down syndrome). Here, we assess the effects of different catechins (particularly of epigalocatechin-3-gallate, EGCG) on these disorders, as well as their use in attenuating age-related cognitive decline in healthy individuals. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties of EGCG -due to their phenolic hydroxyl groups-, as well as its immunomodulatory, neuritogenic, and autophagic characteristics, makes this catechin a promising tool against neuroinflammation and microglia activation, common in these pathologies. Although EGCG promotes the inhibition of protein aggregation in experimental Huntington disease studies and improves the clinical severity in multiple sclerosis in animal models, its efficacy in humans remains controversial. EGCG may normalize DYRK1A (involved in neural plasticity) overproduction in Down syndrome, improving behavioral and neural phenotypes. In neurological pathologies caused by environmental agents, such as FASD, EGCG enhances antioxidant defense and regulates placental angiogenesis and neurodevelopmental processes. As demonstrated in animal models, catechins attenuate age-related cognitive decline, which results in improvements in long-term outcomes and working memory, reduction of hippocampal neuroinflammation, and enhancement of neuronal plasticity; however, further studies are needed. Catechins are valuable compounds for treating and preventing certain neurodegenerative and neurological diseases of genetic and environmental origin. However, the use of different doses of green tea extracts and EGCG makes it difficult to reach consistent conclusions for different populations.

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