Dargwa

2021 ◽  
pp. 145-200
Author(s):  
Nina Sumbatova
Keyword(s):  
Second Person ◽  
Verbal System ◽  
Dialectal Variation ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Separate Branch ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Person Agreement ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Free Word

This chapter is a description of Dargwa based on the data of the Tanti dialect. Dargwa, which is spoken in Central Dagestan, constitutes a separate branch of the Nakh-Dagestanian family. Dargwa is known for its dialectal variation: many researchers believe that it should be treated as a language group. Nouns in Dargwa have the category of gender (in the singular: masculine–feminine–neuter, in the plural: first/second person plural–human–non-human). Nominal forms are derived from two stems, direct and oblique, in both singular and plural. The nominal system includes five to seven forms of non-locative cases and a number of locative (spatial) forms opposed as to localization, orientation, and, in some dialects, direction. Most verbal roots have a perfective and an imperfective form within a single verbal paradigm. The verbal system is also rich with multiple TAM-paradigms and non-finite forms (participles, convers, deverbal nouns). An important syntactic feature of Dargwa is a well-developed system of person agreement with a typologically rare opposition of the second person singular versus first person (singular and plural) + second person plural (the third person is usually unmarked). Like other Nakh-Dagestanian languages, Dargwa is morphologically ergative, left-branching (SOV), with free word order. Clause coordination is relatively rare, most dependent clauses are headed by non-finite verb forms.

scholarly journals The Use of Contracted Forms of Albanian Language in Electronic Media Texts

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
Flamur SHALA ◽  
Xhafer BEQIRAJ
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Media ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Short Forms ◽  
Indirect Object ◽  
The Third ◽  
Dative Case ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Third Person

The contracted forms of literary Albanian are of dative case of all persons singular and plural and of the accusative case in the third person singular and plural. In certain syntactic constructions they merge and thus form connected contracted forms. When used near each other, the first is dative, while the second is accusative. Their use according to the norm are correct. Their topic in the sentence is arranged and a linguist or a lecturer should not miss the omissions in texts with short, separate, or connected forms. On the contrary, we encounter misuses of short forms of Albanian in texts of published and electronic media. They are incorrectly used in some syntactic constructions, marked by case in case, one by one. Contracted form locations and their referral to a different pronoun or name as a repetition of an object appear to be harmonized with the respective forms as an object or its repetition. They are placed in front of the verb forms of each tense. Except in imperative they have a double topic. The contracted forms during usage in the dative and accusative cases directly mark direct or indirect object. The contracted forms of the first and second person singular and plural, in the dative case, are often used to mark directly the indirect object. (p. 226) The misuse of the contracted forms is more common in the third person of the dative case when i.e. singular (i) is used instead of plural (u). We also encounter the incorrect use of the contracted forms of the second person plural of the dative case (juve) you instead of (atyre u). This research reveals the wrong use of contracted forms in the texts of some electronic media (portals) in Pristina and Tirana.

THE TENSE-ASPECT SYSTEM IN PIDGINS AND NATURALISTICALLY LEARNED L2

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Clancy Clements
Keyword(s):  
First Language ◽  
Verbal System ◽  
Second Languages ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
System A ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Difference ◽  
L1 Acquisition ◽  
The Third Person

The advantages and disadvantages of wider or narrower definitions of pidginization and pidgin are reviewed to determine the differences between pidgins and naturalistically learned second languages (L2s). It is argued that a wider definition is preferred because it avoids problematic counterexamples and captures generalizations that allow us to view the difference between naturalistic L2 varieties and pidgins as one of degree, not of type. In first language (L1) acquisition, Bates and Goodman (1999) showed the link between the development of vocabulary and grammar and argued that this may be explained by, among other things, logical and perceptual bootstrapping. It is suggested that these types of bootstrapping are also relevant for explaining the pace of grammar development in pidgins and naturalistic L2 varieties. The tense-aspect system of a Spanish variety spoken by a Chinese immigrant in Spain is examined in detail. The data, taken from a 90-minute interview that yielded 602 tokens, reveal several clear traits of the informant's verbal system: (a) All nonfinite, imperfective verb forms (gerunds) correspond exclusively to Vendlerian activities; (b) all but three of the perfective nonfinite forms (past participles) correspond to telic verbs or predicates; and (c) 81% of the stative verbs appear in the third-person-singular present form. The sensitivity to aspectual distinctions in the informant's variety of Spanish is not addressed by logical and perceptual bootstrapping. Furthermore, although this sensitivity can be partially explained by language-specific considerations (i.e., transfer from Mandarin), such an explanation does not speak to precise form–function mappings found, which are best accounted for by appealing to the Primacy of Aspect and Distributional Bias hypotheses (Andersen, 1993; Andersen & Shirai, 1996).

scholarly journals ANALISIS DEIKSIS DALAM BAHASA GORONTALO

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-80
Author(s):  
Aryati Hamzah ◽  
William I. S. Mooduto ◽  
Imam Mashudi
Keyword(s):  
First Person ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Person ◽  
First Person Plural ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
The Third Person

This research aims to describe the use of deixis in Gorontalo Language. This research was conducted in two stages namely the stage of preparation and implementation of the research. This research was conducted for 1 year. The result of the research showed that the form and meaning of deixis are person deixis, time and place. Persona deixis is divided into several types is deixis of first-person singular (wa’u ‘1sg’, watiya ‘1sg’), deixis of the first person plural (ami ‘1pl.excl’), deixis of the second person singular (yi’o ‘2sg’, tingoli ‘2sg’), deixis of the second person plural (tingoli ‘2pl’, timongoli ‘2pl’), and deixis of the third person singular (tio ‘3sg’) and timongolio ‘3pl’ as a deixis of the third person plural. Whereas, deixis of place are teye, teyamai ‘here’, tetomota ‘there’ this means to show the location of the room and the place of conversation or interlocutor. Deixis time among others yindhie ‘today’, lombu ‘tomorrow’, olango ‘yesterday’, dumodupo ‘morning’, mohulonu ‘afternoon’, hui ‘night’ which have the meaning to show the time when the speech or sentence is being delivered.

scholarly journals BENTUK DAN PENGGUNAAN PRONOMINA PERSONA BAGI MAHASISWA STKIP BANJARMASIN (THE FORM AND USE OF PERSONAL PRONOUNS BY STKIP STUDENT IN BANJARMASIN)

Kadera Bahasa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eka Suryatin
Keyword(s):  
Short Form ◽  
First Person ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Third ◽  
Full Form ◽  
Third Person ◽  
First Person Plural ◽  
The Third Person

This study discusses the forms and variations in the use of personal pronouns by STKIP students in Banjarmasin. The purpose of this study is to describe the forms and variations in the use personal pronouns by STKIP students in Banjarmasin. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The data collection is obtained by observation techniques, see, and record. Research data are in the form the speech used by STKIP students in Banjarmasin, Department of PBSID (Local or Indonesian Language and Literature Education). The results show that the using personal pronouns are three forms, namely the first person, second person, and third person. Based on the type of reference personal pronoun used by STKIP students in Banjarmasin are singular and plural pronoun.When it is viewed from the morphological distribution, there are a full form and a short form. The short forms are usually used in proclitic (appears before its host) and also enclitic (appear after its host). Personal pronouns used by the students in their speech are varied. Although they are in Banjar, they do not only use personal pronouns in Banjar language, a part of the students use the first person singular pronoun gue ‘aku’. Personal pronouns in Banjar language used by the STKIP students in Banjarmasin are the first person singular pronoun, ulun, unda, sorang, saurang and aku. First person singular pronoun aku has some variations –ku and ku- that are bound morpheme. First person plural is kami and kita. The second person pronouns are pian, ikam, nyawa, and kamu. Meanwhile, the third person singular pronouns are Inya and Sidin. The third person plural pronoun is bubuhannya. The use of personal pronouns by STKIP students in Banjarmasin are dominantly consist of five speech components only that are based on the situation, the partner, the intent, the content of the message, and how the speaker tells the speech.

Subject and adjacency effects in the Old Northumbrian gloss to the Lindisfarne Gospels

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCELLE COLE
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Verbal Morphology ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Lindisfarne Gospels ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Third Person

The subject and adjacency effects found to condition the distribution of present verbal morphology in northern Middle English, and commonly referred to as the Northern Subject Rule (NSR), are generally regarded to be an Early Middle English development that did not condition the distribution of verbal morphology in northern varieties of Old English (Isaac 2003; Pietsch 2005; de Haas 2008; de Haas & van Kemenade 2015). Using data taken from the tenth-century interlinear gloss to the Lindisfarne Gospels, this study considers variation between the present-tense markers -ð and -s in Late Old Northumbrian and discusses evidence which indicates that the subject and adjacency effects at the crux of the NSR were already operative in Old Northumbrian with different morphological material. The findings also debunk the traditional conviction that -s spread first to second-person plural contexts and only subsequently to the third-person plural and singular (Holmqvist 1922; Blakeley 1949/50; Stein 1986).

scholarly journals Politeness in Pronouns

Philologus ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 161 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas Bentein
Keyword(s):  
Fourth Century ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
Pronominal Reference ◽  
The Third Person

AbstractIn many languages, a person can be addressed either in the second person singular or the second person plural: the former indicates familiarity and/or lack of respect, while the latter suggests distance and/or respect towards the addressee. While in Ancient Greek pronominal reference initially was not used as a ‘politeness strategy’, in the Post-classical period a T–V distinction did develop. In the Early Byzantine period, I argue, yet another pronominal usage developed: a person could also be addressed in the third person singular. This should be connected to the rise of abstract nominal forms of address, a process which can be dated to the fourth century AD.

Imperatives in Ashaninka Satipo (Kampa Arawak) of Peru

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Mihas
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Linguistic Resources ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Discourse Particle ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Negative Counterpart

This chapter’s goal is to survey Ashaninka Satipo (Arawak) commanding communicative moves. It argues that imperatives form a paradigm consisting of the first person cohortative construction with the discourse particle tsame ‘come on’, second person canonical imperative construction characterized by a special intonation, and the third person jussive construction formed either with the intentional =ta on the lexical verb or on the copula kant ‘be this way’. In positive commands, the verbs are inflected for irrealis. The canonical imperative has a negative counterpart, whereas the cohortative and jussive verb forms lack them. While commanding, conversationalists tend to select specific linguistic resources which reflect their group membership status. Social equals have recourse to the same linguistic means as conversationalists in superior roles, but they also use the ‘want’ and ‘wish’ constructions and counter-assertive pronouns. The basic second person imperative forms are employed irrespective of the social status.

scholarly journals DEIKSIS PERSONA DALAM FILM DUA GARIS BIRU KARYA GINA S. NOER PRODUKSI STARVISION DAN WAHANA KREATOR

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Nida Fahrunisa ◽  
Asep Purwo Yudi Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
First Person ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Plural Form ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Speech Situation

Person deixis can be found in various speeches, both located in everyday speech and dialogue between characters in a film, including Dua Garis Biru. This study aims to classify and analyze the kinds of person deixis and their functions in the movie Dua Garis Biru. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The data analysis in this study used a pragmatic approach. They are collecting data using the observation method with note-taking techniques. The results showed that the types of personal deixis used in the film Dua Garis Biru are single and plural form. They are singular and plural first person deixis, singular and plural second-person deixis, and third single and plural third person deixis. Each type of person deixis has a different function according to its context and reference. The singular first-person deixis is saya, aku (English: I/me),gue and gua (English:I/me in informal style),-ku (English: my). The first person deixis in the plural is kita and kami (English: we/us). The single second person deixis used in the film Dua Garis Biru is kamu (English: you), -mu (English: your), loe and lu (English: you), while the second person plural deixis is kalian (English: you). The third person deixis consists of singular third-person deixis, namely he/her or his/her, and the plural third-person deixis, namely they/their/them and everybody. The use of deixis is influenced by familiarity, age, social status, and speech situation.

Syncretism of plural forms in Spanish Dialects

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Mare
Keyword(s):  
Syntactic Structure ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
Person Features ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
First Person Plural ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Spanish Dialects

Abstract One of the main discussions about the interaction between morphology and syntax revolves around the richness or poverty of features and wherever this richness/poverty is found either in the syntactic structure or the lexical items. A phenomenon subject to this debate has been syncretism, especially in theories that assume late insertion such as Distributed Morphology. This paper delves into the syncretism observed between the first person plural and the third person in the clitic domain in some Spanish dialects. Our analysis will lead to a revision of the distribution of person features and their relationship with plural number, while at the same time it will shed light on other morphological alternations displayed in Spanish dialects; that is, subject-verb unagreement and mesoclisis in imperatives. In order to explain the behavior of the data under discussion, I propose that lexical items are specified for all the relevant features at the moment of insertion, although the values of these features can be neutralized. I argue that the distribution proposed allows for some fundamental generalizations about the vocabulary inventories in Spanish varieties, and shows that the variation pattern exhibits an *ABA effect, i.e., only contiguous cells in a paradigm are syncretic.

scholarly journals Regressive Vowel Harmony in Libyan Arabic

2019 ◽  
pp. 36-50
Author(s):  
Yousef Mokhtar Elramli ◽  
Tareq Bashir Maiteq
Keyword(s):  
Vowel Harmony ◽  
Skeletal Structure ◽  
Front Vowel ◽  
Person Plural ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Person ◽  
The Third Person ◽  
The City

The aim of this paper is to study Regressive vowel harmony induced by a suffixal back round vowel in the Libyan Arabic dialect spoken in the city of Misrata. The skeletal structure in the collected words is a /CVCVC-/ stem followed by the third person plural suffix /-u/. Consequently, the derived form of the examined words becomes /CVCVCV/. Following a rule of re-syllabification, the coda of the ultimate syllable in the stem becomes the onset of the newly formed syllable (ultimate in the derived form). Thus, in the presence of the suffix /-u/ in the derived form, all vowels in the word must harmonise with the [+round] feature of /-u/ unless there is a high front vowel /i/ intervening. In such cases, the high front vowel is defined as an opaque segment that is incompatible with the feature [+round]. Syllable and morpheme boundaries within words do not seem to contribute to blocking the regressive spreading of harmony. An autosegmental approach to analyze these words is adopted here. It is concluded that there are two sources in underlying representations for regressive vowel harmony in Libyan Arabic. One source is floating [+round] and another source is [+round].

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