Detect, Document, and Debunk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabrielle Lim ◽  
Joan Donovan
Keyword(s):  
Data Science ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multiple Methods ◽  
Internet Studies ◽  
News Stories ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Media Manipulation

The study of disinformation and media manipulation has expanded greatly since 2016, leading to thousands of news stories and academic studies. As an interdisciplinary field, it has attracted a wide variety of scholars using multiple methods and theories to understand how communication technologies shape politics and society, including how hoaxes, lies, scams, and strategic misinformation reach millions in an instant. However, because of the diversity of approaches and lines of inquiry, it is not an easy area of study to grasp at first glance. What’s more, the concerns, be they medical misinformation or foreign influence operations, are sociotechnical in nature—meaning they are the product of both sociocultural and technological conditions that cannot be separated from one another. The stakes could not be higher, as the world witnessed how disinformation was a core mobilizing factor in the genocide in Myanmar and the siege on the US Capitol. Yet strategies to counter the harms of media manipulation and disinformation require rigorous and nuanced research drawing from ethnography to data science. This chapter therefore aims to make sense of misinformation research as an expanding subdomain of critical internet studies, offering an overview of the methods and theories of inquiry, current research and findings, and paths forward for future research.

Factors Affecting E-Business Adoption by SMEs in Sub-Saharan Africa

2011 ◽  
pp. 319-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Princely Ifinedo
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Information Communication Technologies ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The World ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Sub Saharan

The use of information communication technologies (ICT) especially the Internet by small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is on the increase in many regions of the world, including Africa. Nevertheless, empirical evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) regarding the factors that affect the adoption of e-business is scarce. In that regard, the main objective of this chapter is to fill the research gap with an exploratory study that is aimed at eliciting views from SMEs in Nigeria. This article made use of a theoretical framework encompassing organizational, external and technological contexts to deliberate the issue. A survey is conducted in three Nigerian cities and the findings of the study are presented. The implication of the study is discussed and future research directions also given.

scholarly journals Assessing large-scale weekly cycles in meteorological variables: a review

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5755-5771 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sanchez-Lorenzo ◽  
P. Laux ◽  
H.-J. Hendricks Franssen ◽  
J. Calbó ◽  
S. Vogl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Meteorological Variables ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Scientific Debate ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Weekly Cycles

Abstract. Several studies have claimed to have found significant weekly cycles of meteorological variables appearing over large domains, which can hardly be related to urban effects exclusively. Nevertheless, there is still an ongoing scientific debate whether these large-scale weekly cycles exist or not, and some other studies fail to reproduce them with statistical significance. In addition to the lack of the positive proof for the existence of these cycles, their possible physical explanations have been controversially discussed during the last years. In this work we review the main results about this topic published during the recent two decades, including a summary of the existence or non-existence of significant weekly weather cycles across different regions of the world, mainly over the US, Europe and Asia. In addition, some shortcomings of common statistical methods for analyzing weekly cycles are listed. Finally, a brief summary of supposed causes of the weekly cycles, focusing on the aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions and their impact on meteorological variables as a result of the weekly cycles of anthropogenic activities, and possible directions for future research, is presented.

scholarly journals Culture and COVID-19: Don’t Throw Your Elderly Away!

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Melton
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Preventive Behaviors ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Enormous differences exist in rates of death from COVID-19 in countries around the world. Collectivist cultures and countries are characterized by concern for culture and country to a greater extent than for self-interest, whereas the reverse is true for individualistic cultures and countries. In light of this cultural difference, and suggestive evidence that cultures known for their collectivist orientation are more likely to have near-universal compliance with infection-preventive behaviors such as public mask-wearing and less likely to place their elderly in nursing homes (which account for a high proportion of deaths in individualistic countries such as the US, Canada, and the UK), we hypothesized that death per million (DPM) rates would be significantly lower for collectivist countries than individualistic countries. We categorized every country for which there are collectivist-individualistic scores and split the countries into two groups as defined by Hofstede’s (1980) cut-offs. As predicted, the DPM rate for collectivist countries was significantly lower than for individualistic countries. Furthermore, an analysis of covariance controlling for median age showed that the alternative explanation that the observed difference could be accounted for in terms of the significantly lower average age of citizens of collectivist countries was implausible. Implications in areas related to reopening schools, etc., and directions for future research are discussed.

AI in Industry

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-139
Keyword(s):  
Data Science ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Us ◽  
Exhaustive Study ◽  
Global Economic Growth ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Near Future

The past two years have seen a tremendous number of changes in the global AI landscape. There has been a stable balance with the US as the unquestioned leader in the global IT market for nearly the past 20 years and by extension the international AI industry as well, which has evolved from the data science and big data analysis sector to become the engine of the 4th industrial revolution, global economic growth, and social progress that it is today. However, when it comes to AI spending, the US is outgunned by China whose government is investing $150 billion to support its goal to become the undisputed global leader in the AI race by 2030. This chapter will offer a broad overview of the UK AI industry and share insights on its present state, near-future, and what can be done in order to optimise the industry's trajectory over the course of the next several years and to maximise the UK's potential to become a global AI leader by 2020. It is not intended to be an exhaustive study and instead demonstrates the forces at work and possible areas for future research.

scholarly journals Assessing large-scale weekly cycles in meteorological variables: a review

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1451-1491 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sanchez-Lorenzo ◽  
P. Laux ◽  
H.-J. Hendricks-Franssen ◽  
J. Calbó ◽  
S. Vogl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Meteorological Variables ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Scientific Debate ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Weekly Cycles

Abstract. Several studies have claimed to have found significant weekly cycles of meteorological variables appearing over large domains, which can hardly be related to urban effects exclusively. Nevertheless, there is still an ongoing scientific debate whether these large-scale weekly cycles exist or not, and some other studies fail to reproduce them with statistical significance. In addition to the lack of the positive proof for the existence of these cycles, their possible physical explanations have been controversially discussed during the last years. In this work we review the main results about this topic published during the recent two decades, including a summary of the existence or non-existence of significant weekly weather cycles across different regions of the world, mainly over the US, Europe and Asia. In addition, some shortcomings of common statistical methods for analyzing weekly cycles are listed. Finally, a brief summary of supposed causes of the weekly cycles, focusing on the aerosol-cloud-radiation interactions and their impact on meteorological variables as a result of the weekly cycles of anthropogenic activities, and possible directions for future research, is presented.

Factors Affecting E-Business Adoption by SMEs in Sub-Saharan Africa

2009 ◽  
pp. 1254-1275
Author(s):  
Princely Ifinedo
Keyword(s):  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Information Communication Technologies ◽  
Information Communication ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
The World ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Research Gap ◽  
Sub Saharan

The use of information communication technologies (ICT) especially the Internet by small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is on the increase in many regions of the world, including Africa. Nevertheless, empirical evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) regarding the factors that affect the adoption of e-business is scarce. In that regard, the main objective of this chapter is to fill the research gap with an exploratory study that is aimed at eliciting views from SMEs in Nigeria. This article made use of a theoretical framework encompassing organizational, external and technological contexts to deliberate the issue. A survey is conducted in three Nigerian cities and the findings of the study are presented. The implication of the study is discussed and future research directions also given.

Characterizing Legislative Websites

2012 ◽  
pp. 258-274
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Sandoval-Almazan ◽  
J. Ramon Gil-Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Political ◽  
Cellular Phones ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
The World ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
New Instruments

The use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) is increasing in legislative bodies around the world. The use of computers, cellular phones, and email by elected leaders has promoted the implementation of new ICTs to support various legislative tasks. Mexico is no exception to this trend, and there are some interesting initiatives at the federal and state levels. Based on the experience of the State of Mexico, this chapter has two main purposes. First, it suggests a methodology to assess a legislative web site and applies it to the case of the legislature of the State of Mexico. Second, it discusses the political implications of a website redesign project and explains why the redesign proposal never became a reality. The experience of assessing this type of website, building new instruments, and developing understanding about the phenomenon could be used as the basis for future research related to e-parliament, e-legislature, or e-democracy more broadly.

scholarly journals Explaining Compliance with Social Distancing During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Roles of Cultural Orientations, Trust and Self-Conscious Emotions in the US, Italy, and South Korea

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni A. Travaglino ◽  
Chanki Moon
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Cultural Orientations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Individualism And Collectivism ◽  
The World ◽  
Shame And Guilt

The coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic is an unprecedented health crisis. Many governments around the world have responded by implementing lockdown measures of different degrees of intensity. To be effective, such measures must rely on citizens’ compliance. In the present study, we drew on samples from the US (N = 597), Italy (N = 606) and South Korea (N = 693) and examined predictors of compliance with social distancing, and intentions to disclose the disease to authorities and acquaintances/friends. Data were collected between April 6th and 8th. We investigated the role of cultural orientations of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism, trust in the government’s action, and self-conscious emotions of shame and guilt related to the disease. Across all countries, vertical collectivism predicted stronger shame whereas horizontal collectivism predicted stronger trust in the government’s action. Only in the US, vertical collectivism was associated with stronger trust. Subsequently, shame predicted lower compliance and intentions to disclose the disease, whereas guilt was associated with stronger intentions to disclose the disease to the authorities, and trust was associated with stronger compliance and intentions to disclose the disease to the authorities. Unlike Italy and South Korea, the association between trust on compliance was not statistically significant in the US, Implications of the findings, and directions for future research are discussed.

Searching for new Sources of growth. Are the Developing Countries Catching up with the Developed ones?

2015 ◽  
pp. 30-53
Author(s):  
V. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The West ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Economic Divergence ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Relative Standing

This paper examines the trajectory of growth in the Global South. Before the 1500s all countries were roughly at the same level of development, but from the 1500s Western countries started to grow faster than the rest of the world and PPP GDP per capita by 1950 in the US, the richest Western nation, was nearly 5 times higher than the world average and 2 times higher than in Western Europe. Since 1950 this ratio stabilized - not only Western Europe and Japan improved their relative standing in per capita income versus the US, but also East Asia, South Asia and some developing countries in other regions started to bridge the gap with the West. After nearly half of the millennium of growing economic divergence, the world seems to have entered the era of convergence. The factors behind these trends are analyzed; implications for the future and possible scenarios are considered.

Russian Policy of Agriculture Support and the Necessity of Its Modification after WTO Accession

2012 ◽  
pp. 132-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Uzun
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
World Trade Organization ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Wto Accession ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Agriculture Support

The article deals with the features of the Russian policy of agriculture support in comparison with the EU and the US policies. Comparative analysis is held considering the scales and levels of collective agriculture support, sources of supporting means, levels and mechanisms of support of agricultural production manufacturers, its consumers, agrarian infrastructure establishments, manufacturers and consumers of each of the principal types of agriculture production. The author makes an attempt to estimate the consequences of Russia’s accession to the World Trade Organization based on a hypothesis that this will result in unification of the manufacturers and consumers’ protection levels in Russia with the countries that have long been WTO members.

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