Knowledge Lies and Group Lies

2018 ◽  
pp. 230-243
Author(s):  
Julia Staffel
Keyword(s):  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Philosophical Literature ◽  
Circle Group ◽  
A Company ◽  
The Liar ◽  
True Claim ◽  
False Claim

This chapter is about two kinds of lies, knowledge lies and group lies, which are considered to be interestingly different from typical lies. Typically, lies are told by an individual, and they are intended to convince their addressee of a false claim. By contrast, in telling a knowledge lie, the liar does not intend to deceive the addressee into believing a false claim. Instead, the liar intends to prevent the addressees from knowing, but not necessarily from believing, some true claim. Group lies are lies that are told by a group, such as a company, a government, or your knitting circle. Group lies are unlike typical lies, because they are not straightforwardly related to lies told by individuals who are members of the lying group. For each type of lie, I give a more rigorous characterization, then discuss why this kind of lie deserves special philosophical attention, and lastly provide some critical discussion of the accounts of each type of lie that have been proposed in the philosophical literature.

Music, Ontology and the Need for History: A Critical Discussion

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-62
Author(s):  
Lisa Giombini
Keyword(s):  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Philosophical Literature ◽  
Historical Ontology ◽  
Ontological Approach ◽  
Musical Concepts ◽  
Musical Works ◽  
Historical Awareness ◽  
Musical Ontology

Abstract Although an ontological approach to musical works has dominated analytic aesthetics for almost fifty years, criticisms have recently started to spread in the philosophical literature. Contestants blame mainstream musical ontology for lacking historical awareness, questioning the cogency of metaphysical proposals that are substantially essentialist with regard to our musical concepts. My aim in this paper is to address this accusation by engaging the historicist critics in a sustained debate. I argue that even if the arguments based on history and sociology turn out to be accurate, this may not be enough of a reason to abandon the ontological project altogether. Ontology and history do not necessarily clash. Moreover, historical-sociological examinations do not fulfil our philosophical interest in music. I conclude by making a plea to “historical ontology,” a perspective that does not reject ontology but closely connects it to the dialectic between historical research and aesthetic interest.

Revenge, I

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Liar Paradox ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Kripke’S Theory Of Truth ◽  
Law Of Excluded Middle ◽  
Truth Value ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Liar ◽  
The Liar Paradox ◽  
Excluded Middle

Chapter 8 is the first of two chapters on the phenomenon of revenge paradoxes, paradoxes which, roughly speaking, are constructed out of the very terms of a purported solution. The chapter begins by exploring the difficulties that revenge presents for Kripke’s theory of truth, in either of two versions: a version that admits truth value gaps, and a paracomplete version which rejects the law of excluded middle. The chapter goes on to critically examine Field’s paracomplete theory of truth and its treatment of revenge, arguing that Field’s theory is couched in terms that are artificial and too far removed from natural language. The chapter concludes with a critical discussion of Priest’s dialetheist approach to the Liar paradox, according to which there are true contradictions. It is argued that Priest’s theory is itself subject to revenge paradoxes.

Lying and Certainty

2018 ◽  
pp. 169-182
Author(s):  
Neri Marsili
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Modals ◽  
Philosophical Literature ◽  
Absolute Certainty ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Liar

In the philosophical literature on the definition of lying, the analysis is generally restricted to cases of flat-out belief. This chapter considers lies involving partial beliefs (beliefs ranging from mere uncertainty to absolute certainty). The first section analyses graded-belief lies: lies uttered while holding a graded belief in the falsity of the assertion. A revised insincerity condition is introduced to deal with these cases, requiring that the liar believes the assertion to be more likely to be false than true. The second section analyses assertions that express graded beliefs, exploring how epistemic modals affect the insincerity conditions of a given utterance. The last section considers the case of lies that attack certainty (knowledge lies), understood as attempts to alter the hearer’s graded beliefs.

scholarly journals Preschoolers in Belarus and Turkey accept an adult’s counterintuitive claim and do not spontaneously seek evidence to test that claim

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 424-432
Author(s):  
Samuel Ronfard ◽  
Burcu Ünlütabak ◽  
Marina Bazhydai ◽  
Ageliki Nicolopoulou ◽  
Paul L. Harris
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Large Reward ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
True Claim ◽  
False Claim

When presented with a claim that contradicts their intuitions, do children seize opportunities to empirically verify such claims or do they simply acquiesce to what they have been told? To answer this question, we conducted a replication of Ronfard et al. (conducted in the People’s Republic of China) in two countries with distinct religious and political histories (Study 1: Belarus, N = 74; Study 2: Turkey, N = 79). Preschool children were presented with five different-sized Russian dolls and asked to indicate the heaviest doll. All children selected the biggest doll. Half of the children then heard a (false) claim (i.e., that the smallest doll was the heaviest), contradicting their initial intuition. The remaining children heard a (true) claim (i.e., that the biggest doll was the heaviest), confirming their initial intuition. Belarusian and Turkish preschoolers typically endorsed the experimenter’s claim no matter whether it had contradicted or confirmed their initial intuition. Next, the experimenter left the room, giving children an opportunity to check the experimenter’s claim by picking up the relevant dolls. Belarusian and Turkish preschoolers rarely explored the dolls, regardless of the type of testimony they received and continued to endorse the counterintuitive testimony they received. Furthermore, in Study 2, Turkish preschoolers continued to endorse smallest = heaviest even when doing so could have cost them a large reward. In sum, across two different cultural contexts, preschool children endorsed a counterintuitive claim and did not spontaneously seek evidence to test it. These results confirm and extend those of Ronfard et al.

Self-Referential Systems

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond M. Smullyan
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Modal Logic ◽  
Mathematical System ◽  
Abstract Setting ◽  
Incompleteness Theorems ◽  
Axiom Systems ◽  
True Claim ◽  
False Claim

Self-Referential Systems This chapter is largely a review of the essential ideas behind the proofs of Gödel, Rosser and Löb—only presented in a more abstract setting. We believe that it will tie up these ideas in a helpful and instructive manner. We shall first present these ideas in the form of logic puzzles (much in the manner of Smtdlyan [1987]). Then we shall state the results more generally in terms of abstract systems that we call provability systems. These are closely related to certain axiom systems of modal logic, which we briefly discuss at the end of the chapter. In the puzzles to which we now turn, belief will play the rôle of provability. Instead of considering a mathematical system and the sentences provable in it, we consider a logician (sometimes call a reasoner) and the propositions believed by the reasoner. Apart from the heuristic value, these “epistemic” incompleteness theorems appear to be of some interest to those working in artificial intelligence. We shall pay a visit to the Island of Knights and Knaves, in which knights make only true statements and knaves make only false ones. Each inhabitant is either a knight or a knave. No inhabitant can claim that he is not a knight (since a knight would never make such a false claim and a knave would never make such a true claim). A logician visits this island one day and meets a native. All we are told about the logician is that he is completely accurate in his beliefs—he never believes anything false. The native then makes a certain statement X. It then follows that the logician can never believe that the native is a knight nor can he ever believe that the native is a knave.

Experiences With and Lessons Learned From Developing, Implementing, and Evaluating a Support Program for Older Hearing Aid Users and Their Communication Partners in the Hearing Aid Dispensing Setting

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3S) ◽  
pp. 638-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janine F. J. Meijerink ◽  
Marieke Pronk ◽  
Sophia E. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Support Program ◽  
Large Sample Size ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Communication Program ◽  
Communication Partners

Purpose The SUpport PRogram (SUPR) study was carried out in the context of a private academic partnership and is the first study to evaluate the long-term effects of a communication program (SUPR) for older hearing aid users and their communication partners on a large scale in a hearing aid dispensing setting. The purpose of this research note is to reflect on the lessons that we learned during the different development, implementation, and evaluation phases of the SUPR project. Procedure This research note describes the procedures that were followed during the different phases of the SUPR project and provides a critical discussion to describe the strengths and weaknesses of the approach taken. Conclusion This research note might provide researchers and intervention developers with useful insights as to how aural rehabilitation interventions, such as the SUPR, can be developed by incorporating the needs of the different stakeholders, evaluated by using a robust research design (including a large sample size and a longer term follow-up assessment), and implemented widely by collaborating with a private partner (hearing aid dispensing practice chain).

Mental health screening system using intranet setting in a company.

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minoru Arai ◽  
Daisuke Mori ◽  
Tetsu Kawamura ◽  
Hideo Fumimoto ◽  
Masagi Shimazaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Screening ◽  
Mental Health Screening ◽  
Screening System ◽  
A Company

Strategi Pemasaran Untuk Meningkatkan Jumlah Kunjungan Pada Obyek Wisata Kebun Raya Dan Kebun Binatang (KRKB) Gembira Loka Di Kota Yogyakarta

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Nur Wening ◽  
Muhammad Al Hasny ◽  
Ridha Fitryana
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Marketing Strategy ◽  
Swot Analysis ◽  
Internal Variable ◽  
External Variable ◽  
Collection Method ◽  
Data Collection Method ◽  
A Company

This research aims to formulate marketing strategy to increase visitors of Gembira Loka Garden and Zoo (KRKB Gembira Loka) in Yogyakarta. This research is qualitative research and uses interview, observation, and documentation as data collection method. The data is analyzed by using SWOT analysis with internal and external variable identification. The internal variable shows that location is the main strength of Gembira Loka KRKB with 0.17 by value and 5 by rating. From external variable, the result of EFAS table shows that Gembira Loka KRKB has good enough chance while the thread has less result than the chance. Gembira Loka KRKB is in quadrant 1, which is the position in which a company is considered to be in a beneficial situation due to its chance and strength. In such case, the company can utilize the chance by maximizing the strength. The following strategy to go through in this condition is supporting aggressive planning.

Perancangan dan Pembuatan Aplikasi Pendeteksi Kesalahan Penempelan Barcode pada Kemasan Produk Menggunakan Sistem Arduino Uno dan Sistem Komputasi (Studi Kasus PT. Duta Nichirindo Pratama)

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Ade Sumaedi ◽  
Makhsun Makhsun ◽  
Achmad Hindasyah
Keyword(s):  
Unified Modeling Language ◽  
Database Design ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Design System ◽  
Modeling Language ◽  
Unified Modeling ◽  
Uml Diagrams ◽  
Arduino Uno ◽  
Menu Design ◽  
A Company

PT. Duta Nichirindo Pratama is a company engaged in the field of Autoparts Manufacture. Barcode is the identity of an item / product on the package. Barcode technology has been used as the identity of goods in a production. Barcodes are used to facilitate the identification of goods produced. Paste the barcode on the packaging of packaging results at PT. Duta Nichirindo Pratama is done manually, but there are often errors attached to the barcode on a similar packaging. This research will design and create a system based on Visual Basic.Net and Arduino to select barcode attachment errors that have the potential to be sent to consumers. The system is designed using Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams, database design and interface menu design. The system created will then be tested to detect the black box test. With a computing-based design system that functions to detect barcodes on the packaging automatically, the problem of sticking barcodes on the packaging can be detected.

Marx and the “law of value”: Critical appraisal on the occasion of his 200th birth anniversary

2018 ◽  
pp. 27-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. Kurz
Keyword(s):  
Karl Marx ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Critical Discussion ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Transformation Problem ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Law

The paper celebrates Karl Marx’ 200th birthday in terms of a critical discussion of the “law of value” and the idea that “abstract labour”, and not any use value, is the common third of any two commodities that exchange for one another in a given proportion. It is argued that this view is difficult to sustain. It is also the source of the wretched and unnecessary “transformation problem”. Ironically, as Piero Sraffa has shown, prices of production and the general rate of profits are fully determined in terms of the same set of data from which Marx started his analysis.

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