Introduction to L2 attrition

2019 ◽  
pp. 329-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teodora H. Mehotcheva ◽  
Barbara Köpke
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
First Language ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Short Overview ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Subject

As the introduction to the section on second language (L2) attrition, this chapter provides a broad presentation to research on attrition of L2 and foreign languages (FL). We will first discuss the terminology used in the field, focusing on some important differences in the terminology used in first language (L1) attrition studies. It provides a short overview of the development of the field, outlining major challenges and obstacles that research on the topic has to deal with. Next, it briefly describes the major findings and knowledge amassed on the subject before reviewing in more detail the findings of some of the most significant and large-scale projects carried out on L2/FL attrition. A final presentation of several theoretical frameworks of interest for L2/FL attrition research will allow us to show how L2/FL attrition is commonly explained but also to provide some ideas for future research directions.

scholarly journals A Systematic Literature Review on IT Outsourcing Decision and Future Research Directions

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-201
Author(s):  
Payam Hanafizadeh ◽  
Ahad Zareravasan
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
User Adoption ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Outsourcing Decision

During the recent decades, some academic research on the subject of information technology outsourcing (ITO) decision has appeared in different outlets, which may impede the use of such resources and as a result, repetition of research by various researchers is very likely. The purpose of this paper is then to conduct a systematic literature review (SLR) pertaining to research on ITO decision. Then, this review intends to 1) classify ITO decision literature, 2) provide a list of factors affecting ITO decision, and 3) identify ITO strategies. To this end, 91 ITO articles published between 2000 and 2018 in 51 unique journals were reviewed. The results yielded three kinds of descriptive, relational, and comparative ITO decision studies. The determinants of ITO decisions are classified into technological, organizational, environmental and user adoption factors. Furthermore, the trend of studied ITO strategies in the reviewed literature is analyzed, and future sourcing varietals are proposed. Finally, some insights and future research directions are proposed based on the review results.

scholarly journals Service modularity and architecture – an overview and research agenda

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 686-702 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saara A. Brax ◽  
Anu Bask ◽  
Juliana Hsuan ◽  
Chris Voss
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Architectural Innovation ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Research Stream ◽  
Tangible Product

Purpose Services are highly important in a world economy which has increasingly become service driven. There is a growing need to better understand the possibilities for, and requirements of, designing modular service architectures. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the roots of the emerging research stream on service modularity, provide a concise overview of existing work on the subject, and outline an agenda for future research on service modularity and architecture. The articles in the special issue offer four diverse sets of research on service modularity and architecture. Design/methodology/approach The paper is built on a literature review mapping the current body of literature on the topic and developing future research directions in service modularity and architecture. Findings The growing focus on services has triggered needs to investigate the suitability and implementation of physical-product-focused modularity principles and theories in service contexts, and to search for principles/theories that enhance services. The expanding research stream has explored various aspects of service modularity in empirical contexts. Future research should focus on service-specific modularity theories and principles, platform-based and mass-customized service business models, comparative research designs, customer perspectives and service experience, performance in context of modular services, empirical evidence of benefits and challenges, architectural innovation in services, modularization in multi-provider contexts, and modularity in hybrid offerings combining service and tangible product modules. Originality/value Nine areas are recommended for further research on service modularity and architecture. The introductory piece also discusses the roots of service modularity and provides an overview of current contributions.

The role of Guanxi on international business-to-business relationships: a systematic review and future directions

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1125-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Birce Dobrucalı
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
International Business ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Business To Business

Purpose This paper aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic review of the extant empirical body of knowledge regarding the impact of Guanxi on international Business-to-Business (B-to-B) relationships. Design/methodology/approach After the collection and refinement of studies that appeared in marketing, business and management literature during 1995-2018 period, a systematic review was conducted to discover the current situation and future research directions on the subject. Findings Theoretically, vast majority of the reviewed studies lacked a theoretical foundation, with the remainder anchored primarily on the resource-based view, social network theory and social exchange theory. Methodologically, Ganqing, Xinren and Mianzi are the most frequently investigated dimensions, whereas Renqing is the least investigated dimension. Data are mostly obtained from both Chinese and Western counterparts through survey and analyzed through univariate and multivariate data analysis techniques. Empirically, extant research focused on many diverse outcomes including trust, financial performance, cooperation, satisfaction, time orientation, opportunism and liability of foreignness, while under-examining the drives of Guanxi. Research limitations/implications This study provides a synthesis of extant line of research on the subject that are published in peer-reviewed international journals, which publish research in English. A meta-analysis may be conducted for providing a further detailed framework. Originality/value This study contributes to international marketing literature by providing an in-depth and synthesized inventory of knowledge to scholars; deriving a comprehensive analysis of theoretical foundations, methodological approaches and findings addressed by scholars in the field; noticing theoretical, methodological and empirical gaps to be examined; and providing future research directions.

scholarly journals Geography of Pilgrimage with Special Reference to Islam

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-21
Author(s):  
Ravi S. Singh ◽  
Sarah Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Spiritual Journey ◽  
Sacred Sites ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Spiritual Legacy ◽  
Key Terms

Pilgrimage is a spiritual journey during which pilgrims have a religious experience and feel connected to the faith's spiritual legacy. The sacred sites are the spiritual home for pilgrims which they have read and heard about but never visited or experienced before. With little attention paid to the Islamic pilgrimage, especially by geographers, this review paper is an attempt to provide an overview of the subject matter and seek to put forward possible future research directions. This paper provides a systematic description of pilgrimage in Islam by reviewing the literature on the subject,  analysing the definitions, characteristics, processes, classification and authorisation of pilgrimage in general followed by an overview of Islamic pilgrimage, that is, Ziyarat by defining key terms, discussing the typology and exploring the neglected dimensions in Islamic pilgrimage studies. The study has brought the relics and saints venerated in the Muslim world into focus, which are the essential causes for the origin and continuation of the Ziyarat tradition. It also points out the different occasions and reasons for performing popular pilgrimage in Islam. And lastly, it discusses the future research dimensions of Islamic pilgrimage.

scholarly journals Compressing Large-Scale Transformer-Based Models: A Case Study on BERT

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1061-1080
Author(s):  
Prakhar Ganesh ◽  
Yao Chen ◽  
Xin Lou ◽  
Mohammad Ali Khan ◽  
Yin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Model Compression ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Or Applications

Abstract Pre-trained Transformer-based models have achieved state-of-the-art performance for various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, these models often have billions of parameters, and thus are too resource- hungry and computation-intensive to suit low- capability devices or applications with strict latency requirements. One potential remedy for this is model compression, which has attracted considerable research attention. Here, we summarize the research in compressing Transformers, focusing on the especially popular BERT model. In particular, we survey the state of the art in compression for BERT, we clarify the current best practices for compressing large-scale Transformer models, and we provide insights into the workings of various methods. Our categorization and analysis also shed light on promising future research directions for achieving lightweight, accurate, and generic NLP models.

Layout Planning in Healthcare Facilities: A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme B. Benitez ◽  
Giovani J. C. Da Silveira ◽  
Flavio S. Fogliatto
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Layout Planning ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Implementation Costs ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Subject

This study presents a systematic review of the literature on layout planning in healthcare facilities. The review includes 81 articles from journals, conferences, books, and other documents. Articles were classified in two groups according to their main contents including (i) concepts and guidelines and (ii) techniques and tools to assist in layout planning in healthcare facilities. Results indicate that a great variety of concepts and tools have been used to solve layout problems in healthcare. However, healthcare environments such as hospitals can be complex, limiting the ability to obtain optimal layout solutions. Influential factors may include the flows of patients, staff, materials, and information; layout planning and implementation costs; staff and patients safety and well-being; and environmental contamination, among others. The articles reviewed discussed and often proposed solutions covering one or more factors. Results helped us to propose future research directions on the subject.

Regulation of fertilization and early seed development

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Dresselhaus ◽  
James Doughty
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Plant Reproduction ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Short Overview ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Early Seed Development ◽  
Reproductive Processes ◽  
Pollen Biology

Plant reproduction meetings often deal either with pre-fertilization processes such as flowering and pollen biology or post-fertilization processes such as embryogenesis and seed development. The Biochemical Society Focused Meeting entitled ‘Regulation of Fertilization and Early Seed Development’ was organized to close this gap and to discuss mechanistic similarities and future research directions in the reproductive processes shortly before, during and after fertilization. As an outcome of the workshop, invited speakers and a few selected oral communication presenters contributed focused reviews and technical articles for this issue of Biochemical Society Transactions. We provide here a short overview of the contents and highlights of the various articles.

scholarly journals Current Complexities of English Teaching in Costa Rica

LETRAS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (61) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Henry Sevilla Morales
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
English Teaching ◽  
Efl Teacher ◽  
Toma De Decisiones ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Random Decisions

AbstractCurrent complexities of English teaching in Costa Rica’s public secondary education are discussed. Using an autoethnographic research approach, critical incidents of an EFL teacher are examined in light of Complexity Theory. Findings suggest that classrooms are unpredictable sites of struggle where multiple rationalities coexist (and often conflict), which must be understood before random decisions are made. For applied linguistics, the study is relevant at three levels: it expands the bulk of literature on the subject, it calls for more attention to the complexities of EFL, and it opens an avenue for reflection and future research directions. ResumenSe analizan ciertos aspectos de las complejidades actuales sobre la enseñanza del inglés de secundaria en la educación pública de Costa Rica. Mediante la autoetnografía, se analizan incidentes críticos de un docente de inglés como lengua extranjera, a la luz de la teoría de la complejidad. Los hallazgos indican que el aula es un espacio de enfrentamientos entre las distintas racionalidades que coexisten, que deben comprenderse ante cualquier toma de decisiones. El estudio atiende tres aspectos: expande la bibliografía sobre el tema, resalta las complejidades de la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras y abre espacios de reflexión y rutas para investigaciones futuras. 

scholarly journals Microdosing as a response to the meaning crisis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rotem Petranker ◽  
Juensung Kim ◽  
Thomas Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Optimal Dosing ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Future Research Directions

Background: The use of psychedelic substances like LSD and magic mushrooms in research and to treat mental health conditions has been increasing in the last decade. In particular, the practice of microdosing – using sub-hallucinogenic amounts of psychedelics – has been increasing (Anderson et al., 2019), but large-scale systemic qualitative analyses are still scant.Aims: This study attempted to recognize emergent themes in qualitative reports regarding the experience of microdosing so as to enrich the theoretical landscape in psychedelics research and propose future research directions for both basic and clinical research.Methods: This study used qualitative analysis to analyze free-text responses from individuals who participated in an online survey disseminated on various social media platforms. Participants had reported microdosing at least once in the past year.Results: Data from 118 informative responses suggested four main emergent themes: reasons for microdosing, the practice of microdosing, outcomes linked to microdosing, and meta-commentary about microdosing. Participants mostly reported microdosing for clinical reasons and to improve productivity, and mentioned that the practice is often challenging due to unknown optimal dosing regimen. The outcomes of microdosing varied widely between strong endorsement of the practice and disappointment at the lack of effect. Meta-commentary included warning against overexcitement with the practice. We couch our findings in meaning-making theory and propose that, even at low doses, psychedelic substances can provide a sense of meaning currently lacking in Western culture.Conclusion: Our results suggest that there many of the reported benefits occur regardless of motivation to microdose and are likely due to the enhanced psychological flexibility and sense of connectedness made possible due to the use of psychedelics. Double-blind, placebo controlled experiments are required in order to substantiate these reports.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF THE LEARNING-BY-EXPORTING EFFECTS ON BUSINESS MODELS: LITERATURE REVIEW AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-273
Author(s):  
G. S. Hovakimyan ◽  
G. G. Nalbandyan
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Self Selection ◽  
Learning By Exporting ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This review makes a significant contribution to the study of the “learning-by-exporting” effect. The article offers a detailed overview of the various views and studies on the subject. The work helps to review the evolution in the field of learning-by-exporting research through bibliometric analysis. Thirdly, this paper focuses on the most cited publications, as well as on the work of the last two or three years. Also, this article discusses the relationship between the learning-by-exporting and the self-selection hypothesis.

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