Editors’ Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Bernasco ◽  
Henk Elffers ◽  
Jean-Louis van Gelder
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Criminal Conduct

Decision making is central to all human behavior, including criminal conduct. Virtually every discussion about crime or law enforcement is guided by beliefs about how people make decisions in one way or another. This interdisciplinary handbook integrates insights about the role of human decision making as it relates to crime. It contains reviews of the main theories of offender decision making and also reviews of empirical evidence on topics as diverse as desistance, crime locations, co-offending, victimization, and criminal methods and tools. It further includes in-depth treatments of the principal research methods for studying offender decision making and a series of chapters on specific types of crime.

scholarly journals The role of time in human decision-making

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 305-305
Author(s):  
M. Popovic ◽  
M. Lengyel ◽  
J. Fiser
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Human Decision

scholarly journals MODEL DAKWAH MELALUI MEDIA BONEKA (Studi Deskriptif Tentang Dakwah Kak Risma Nurunnisa Menggunakan Media Boneka Kepada Anak-anak di Jalan Bima Kelurahan Arjuna Kecamatan Cicendo Kota Bandung)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-369
Author(s):  
Intan Nurjanah ◽  
Dang Eif Saiful Amin ◽  
Nase Saepudin Zuhri
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Influencing Factor ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Data Types ◽  
The Social ◽  
Descriptive Approach

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana model dakwah yang dilakukan oleh Kak Risma Nurunnisa melalui media boneka, serta  metode bercerita yang diterapkan dalam kegiatan dakwahnya dapat meningkatkan konsentrasi terhadap mad’u dari kalangan anak-anak dalam mengikuti kegiatan dakwah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Metode kualitatif merupakan metode penelitian yang jenis data penelitian atau fenomena penelitian tidak diperoleh secara statistik. Pendekatan deskriptif bertujuan untuk menjelaskan secara sistematis bidang tertentu secara faktual dan cermat. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa model dakwah yang dilakukan oleh Kak Ris Nurunnisa menggunakan metode Ibrat al-Qashash. Pesan yang disampaikan tentang kisah-kisah Rasul dan Sahabatnya. Faktor yang mempengaruhi adalah faktor sugesti, di dalam interaksi sosial peranan sugesti banyak juga mempengaruhi tingkah laku manusia. Model Dakwah Kak Risma Nurunnisa berdasarkan tanggapan, sambutan dan perubahan yang terjadi pada anak relatif positif. Itu menunjukkan Model Dakwah Kak Risma Nurunnisa memang efektif. This study aims to determine how the da'wah model carried out by Sis Risma Nurunnisa through puppet media, as well as the method of storytelling applied in her da'wah activities can increase the concentration of students from among children in participating in da'wah activities. The method used in this study is using qualitative methods with a descriptive approach. Qualitative methods are research methods whose research data types or research phenomena are not obtained statistically. The descriptive approach aims to systematically explain certain fields factually and carefully. The results of this study indicate that the da'wah model performed by Sis Ris Nurunnisa uses the Ibrat al-Qashash method. Message delivered about the stories of the Apostle and his Friends. The influencing factor is the suggestion factor, in the social interaction the role of many suggestions also influences human behavior. The Da'wah Model of Risma Nurunnisa is based on responses, remarks and changes that occur in children are relatively positive. That shows Risma Nurunnisa's Da'wah Model is effective.

scholarly journals The Effects of Situational and Individual Factors on Algorithm Acceptance in COVID-19-Related Decision-Making: A Preregistered Online Experiment

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 27-46
Author(s):  
Sonja Utz ◽  
Lara Wolfers ◽  
Anja Göritz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Online Experiment ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Attitudes And Knowledge

In times of the COVID-19 pandemic, difficult decisions such as the distribution of ventilators must be made. For many of these decisions, humans could team up with algorithms; however, people often prefer human decision-makers. We examined the role of situational (morality of the scenario; perspective) and individual factors (need for leadership; conventionalism) for algorithm preference in a preregistered online experiment with German adults (n = 1,127). As expected, algorithm preference was lowest in the most moral-laden scenario. The effect of perspective (i.e., decision-makers vs. decision targets) was only significant in the most moral scenario. Need for leadership predicted a stronger algorithm preference, whereas conventionalism was related to weaker algorithm preference. Exploratory analyses revealed that attitudes and knowledge also mattered, stressing the importance of individual factors.

The “ CSI Effect”

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberlianne Podlas
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Crime Scene ◽  
Juror Decision Making ◽  
Television Programs ◽  
Forensic Evidence ◽  
Television Shows ◽  
Scene Investigation

Prosecutors and members of law enforcement have complained that television shows such as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation have cultivated in jurors’ unreasonable expectations about forensic evidence, specifically that jurors require definitive forensic proof of guilt, or else they will wrongly acquit. This is popularly known as “CSI Effect.” Despite the popularity of this belief, there is little empirical evidence substantiating it. In fact, the majority of studies exploring CSI Effects have found evidence supporting a variety of impacts that advantage, rather than disadvantage, the prosecution. For instance, these programs frame forensics as objective and virtually infallible, bolster forensic technicians and the value of evidence associated with them, and promote schema that endorse prosecution narratives. Indeed, it appears that among CSI’s most salient impacts on the legal system comes not from these television programs distorting juror decision-making, but because lawyers and judges mistakenly believe such an effect exists, and, therefore, alter their behavior in response. It thus appears that the realities of the CSI Effect are quite different than the persistent mythology of it.

An Empathetic Psychological Perspective of Police Deadly Force Training

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodger E. Broomé
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
Deadly Force ◽  
Psychological Perspective ◽  
The Real ◽  
Policies And Procedures ◽  
Psychological Structure

Abstract Police officers must be able to make an accurate appraisal of a lethal encounter and respond with appropriate force to mitigate the threat to their own lives and to the lives of others. Contemporary police deadly force training places the cadet in mock lethal encounters, which are designed to simulate those occurring in the real lives of law enforcement officers. This Reality Base Training (RBT) is designed to provide cadets with experiences that require their reactions to be within the law, policies and procedures, and ethics while undergoing a very stressful, emotional, and physically dynamic situation (Artwohl & Christensen, 1997; Blum, 2000; Grossman, 1996; Miller, 2008; Murray, 2006). Three police cadets provided written accounts of their deadly force training experiences in the RBT format. The descriptive phenomenological psychological method was used to analyze the data and to synthesize a general psychological structure of their experiences. The results reveal the perceptions, thoughts, feelings and behaviors reflecting the role of consciousness and psychological subjectivity in the participants’ understandings and decision-making in the simulated situations.

The Role of Executive Function in Shaping Reinforcement Learning

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Rmus ◽  
Samuel McDougle ◽  
Anne Collins
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Instrumental Behavior ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Neural Computations ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Brain And Behavior ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Reinforcement learning (RL) models have advanced our understanding of how animals learn and make decisions, and how the brain supports some aspects of learning. However, the neural computations that are explained by RL algorithms fall short of explaining many sophisticated aspects of human decision making, including the generalization of learned information, one-shot learning, and the synthesis of task information in complex environments. Instead, these aspects of instrumental behavior are assumed to be supported by the brain’s executive functions (EF). We review recent findings that highlight the importance of EF in learning. Specifically, we advance the theory that EF sets the stage for canonical RL computations in the brain, providing inputs that broaden their flexibility and applicability. Our theory has important implications for how to interpret RL computations in the brain and behavior.

Understanding the Role of the European Court of Justice in European Integration

2012 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLIFFORD J. CARRUBA ◽  
MATTHEW GABEL ◽  
CHARLES HANKLA
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Political Constraints ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

In 2008 we published an article finding evidence for political constraints on European Court of Justice (ECJ) decision making. Stone Sweet and Brunell (this issue) argue that our theoretical foundations are fundamentally flawed and that our empirical evidence supports neofunctionalism over intergovernmentalism “in a landslide.” We respectfully disagree with Stone Sweet and Brunell regarding both their conclusions about our theoretical arguments and what the empirical evidence demonstrates. We use this response to clarify our argument and to draw a clearer contrast between our and their perspective on the role the ECJ plays in European integration. Finally, we reevaluate their neofunctionalist hypotheses. Ultimately, we do not find support in the data for Stone Sweet and Brunell's empirical claims.

Complexity, Bounded Rationality and Heuristic Search

2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bentley MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Heuristic Search ◽  
Rational Choice Theory ◽  
Choice Theory ◽  
Heuristic Function ◽  
Heuristic Search Algorithms ◽  
Human Decision

Abstract This paper explores the use of heuristic search algorithms for modeling human decision making. It is shown that this algorithm is consistent with many observed behavioral regularities, and may help explain deviations from rational choice. The main insight is that the heuristic function can be viewed as formal implementation of one aspect of emotion as discussed in Descarte's Error by Antonio Damasio. Consistent with Damasio's observations, it is shown that the quality of decision making is very sensitive to the nature of the heuristic ("emotion"), and hence this may help us better understand the role of emotion in rational choice theory.

Tactical Considerations1

2020 ◽  
pp. 154-190
Author(s):  
Seth W. Stoughton ◽  
Jeffrey J. Noble ◽  
Geoffrey P. Alpert
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Active Shooter ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Effects Of Stress ◽  
Police Tactics

Officers do not use force in a vacuum. It has long been recognized that a use of force is not the result of a single decision, but rather of “a contingent sequence of decisions and resulting behaviors—each increasing or decreasing the probability of an eventual use of … force.” How officers approach a situation, then, can affect whether and how they use force. Tactics are the techniques and procedures that officers use to protect themselves and community members. This chapter provides a framework for assessing police tactics, then offers an in-depth discussion of core tactical concepts. It explains why time is the single most important tactical consideration, details the effects of stress on human decision making, and illustrates how officers use tactical choices to “create time” and how they can use that time to minimize their need to use force. The chapter concludes by exploring the role of police tactics in three very different situations: arrests, crisis interventions, and active-shooter situations.

Emotions in Offender Decision Making

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Louis van Gelder
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Cognitive Sciences ◽  
Offending Behavior ◽  
Human Decision ◽  
Understanding Emotions ◽  
Crime Causation

This chapter examines the influence of emotions on offender decision making. It reviews the empirical and theoretical criminological literature on the role of emotions in crime causation but also draws from other disciplines in the behavioral and cognitive sciences that have examined the influence of emotions on human decision making. Specific attention is devoted to appraisal theories of emotion, which, it is argued, provide a useful theoretical framework for studying and understanding emotions in criminal contexts. In doing so, it is shown that criminal decision-making research and theorizing may have so far failed to fully acknowledge the influence of emotions on offending behavior.

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